多源融合高精度定位技术在铁路行业的应用展望  

Application Prospects of Multi-sensor Fusion High-precision Positioning Technology in the Railway Industry

作　　者：覃泽阳 方杨 李星星[2] 王铉彬 QIN Zeyang;FANG Yang;LI Xingxing;WANG Xuanbin(China Railway Engineering Design and Consulting Group Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100055,China;School of Geodesy and Geomatics,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430079,China)

机构地区：[1]中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司,北京100055 [2]武汉大学测绘学院,武汉430079

出　　处：《铁道勘察》2024年第2期8-15,共8页Railway Investigation and Surveying

基　　金：中铁工程设计咨询集团有限公司科技研究开发项目(研2023-3)。

摘　　要：铁路是国家物资运输和人员流动的交通大动脉,从铁路建设阶段的控制点布设、线路设计,到铁路运维阶段的平顺性检测、变形监测、列车控制和管理,都离不开高精度的位置信息。传统的全站仪测绘方法存在人力成本高、时效性差等缺点;GNSS用于开阔无信号遮挡的环境效果良好,但用于信号遮蔽的复杂环境则无法定位。随着北斗卫星导航系统的趋于完善和传感器技术的发展,利用卫星等多传感器融合定位的技术逐渐受到人们的关注。GNSS接收机、惯性导航设备、视觉传感器、激光传感器具有互补的特性,以这4种导航传感器为例,利用图优化的方法,实现这些传感器数据的融合高精度定位。通过研究多种传感器融合定位在铁路工程领域的应用,将自动、高效和稳定的新兴技术引入铁路工程测绘,以满足铁路工程对于静态、动态高精度位置信息的需求,为铁路测绘的智能化发展做出积极贡献。Railways are the transportation artery for national material transportation and personnel flow.From the layout of control points and route design during the railway construction stage to the smoothness detection,deformation monitoring,train control and management during the railway operation and maintenance stage,high-precision location information is indispensable.However,traditional total station surveying methods not only have high labor costs but also poor timeliness.The pure GNSS method works well in open and unobstructed environments,but cannot locate in complex environments with signal masking.With the improvement of the Beidou Satellite Navigation System and the development of sensor technology,the technology of using satellites and other multi-sensor fusion positioning has gradually attracted peoples sensor technology have complementary characteristics.GNSS receivers,inertial navigation devices,visual sensors,and laser sensors have complementary characteristics.This article took these four navigation sensors as examples and used graph optimization methods to achieve high-precision positioning of sensor data fusion.By studying the application of multiple sensor fusion positioning in the field of railway engineering,automatic,efficient,and stable emerging technologies were introduced into railway engineering surveying and mapping to meet the needs of railway engineering for static and dynamic high-precision position information,and made positive contributions to the intelligent development of railway surveying and mapping.

关 键 词：多传感器技术 高精度定位 GNSS 惯性导航 视觉传感器 激光质感器 铁路工程 

分 类 号：U213.1[交通运输工程—道路与铁道工程] P228[天文地球—大地测量学与测量工程]