民事再审之诉“二阶化构造”的程序重塑  

Procedure Reshaping of‘Two-Stage Structure'of Civil Retrial Proceedings

作　　者：段文波[1] Duan Wenbo

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学比较民事诉讼法研究中心

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第2期64-84,共21页China Legal Science

基　　金：2023年度国家社科基金重点项目“民法典实施背景下民事审判程序集约化研究”(项目批准号:23AFX004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：四级法院审级职能定位改革之前,由立案庭通过裁定程序审查再审之诉的条件和事由,决定再审后方由业务庭对本案进行再审理。改革实施后,部分法院撤销立案二庭,将再审条件和事由的审查与本案再审理均交由业务庭进行。上述一阶化的改革不仅与诉之审判的逻辑阶段相悖,也与普通诉讼程序不相匹配,同时容易以实质性审理的结果替代形式化的审查标准,从而加剧“再审难”问题,更有侵害当事人申请再审的权利之虞。因此,再审之诉的审理应在程序外观上体现阶段化,遵循诉之审理的一般规律,即应由立案庭先审查诉讼要件和再审事由,在立案庭撤销原判决之后,审判庭方可进入实体审理。从程序保障的角度来讲,撤销程序应采用口头辩论方式而非书面审查方式,并由上级法院管辖以增强司法公信力;本案再审理应限于当事人申请的范围,并重新作出与原判决同一内容的新判决或改判。Before the reform of the trial level function of the four-level courts in China,the retrial proceedings were reviewed by the case filing tribunal through the adjudication process for its conditions and causes,and the case was heard by the trial tribunal after the decision of retrial.After the implementation of the reform,some courts abolished the second case filing tribunal,and assigned the review of the conditions and causes of retrial and the hearing of this case to the trial tribunal.The above single-stage'reform is not only inconsistent with the logical stage of trial proceedings,but also incompatible with ordinary proceedings.In addition,it is easy to replace the formal standard of review with the substantive outcome of the trial,thus exacerbating the difficulty of retrial,and even infringing on the parties'right to apply for retrials.Therefore,we should reflect the stage of the retrial lawsuit from the appearance of the procedure,and follow the general rules of the trial of the lawsuit.In other words,the case should be reviewed by the case filing tribunal first,and the trial tribunal can proceed to the substantive hearing only after the original judgment is reversed by the case filing tribunal.From the perspective of procedural protection,revocation proceedings should be conducted by way of oral argument rather than written review,and should be under the jurisdiction of the superior court to enhance judicial credibility.The retrial of this case shall be limited to the scope of the parties'application and a new judgment or revision of the judgment should be made on the same matter.

关 键 词：民事再审之诉 再审启动审查 本案再审理 审级职能定位改革 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]