向着自由生长与为了自由:康德的两重性教育思想再认识  

Growth Towards Freedom and the Pursuit of Freedom:Kant s Educational Philosophy of Duality Revisited

作　　者：杨梅[1] 张玮 YANG Mei;ZHANG Wei(Faculty of Education,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学教育学部,重庆400715

出　　处：《教师教育学报》2024年第3期27-35,共9页Journal of Teacher Education

摘　　要：康德关于教育的基本认识对教育学学科建设具有奠基作用和深刻的启发意义。康德教育思想的基本特征是两重性,包括人的两重性和教育的两重性,理解两重性的两个关键词是自然和自由。基于对康德哲学人类学中人的形象的考察可以发现,康德眼中人的两重性并非意味着人是自然和自由的双重存在,而是意味着人从自然存在者向自由存在者转化。基于对《康德论教育》中教育方式和教育内容构成与设计的考察可以发现,教育的两重性建立在人从自然存在者向自由存在者转化的基础上,表现为形式上的二分与内容上的连续。胚芽与禀赋的构成和发展是两重性教育的基本依据,并且意味着两重性教育的目的同样是两重性的。其中,自然性教育的目的是促进人向着自由生长,实践性教育的目的是实现人的自由。康德以自然存在者向自由存在者的转化这条线索统整了人本身可发展性的诸多方面,但又不能超脱于自然存在者与自由存在者的静态双重存在,这是康德两重性教育思想的内在矛盾。Kant s fundamental understanding of education plays a basic role and provides significant inspiration for the development of educational disciplines.The basic characteristics of his educational philosophy manifest as a duality of human beings and education,with nature and freedom as key concepts for understanding this duality.Based on the investigation of the image of humanity in Kant s philosophical anthropology,it can be observed that,in his view,the duality of human beings signifies the transition of individuals from natural beings to free beings rather than their coexistence.Based on the examination of the composition and design of educational methods and content in Kant s On Education,it can be discovered that the duality of education is founded on the aforementioned transformation and manifests in a dichotomy in form and continuity in content.The composition and development of the embryo and endowment serve as the fundamental basis for dual education,implying that the educational goals are also dualistic.Specifically,the goal of natural education is to foster the unrestricted development of individuals,whereas practical education aims to attain freedom for humanity.Kant integrated various aspects of human development by tracing the transformation from natural beings to free beings.However,he was unable to surpass their static dual existence,which represents the inherent contradiction in his educational philosophy of duality.

关 键 词：康德 自由存在者 自然存在者 自然性教育 实践性教育 

分 类 号：G40-02[文化科学—教育学原理]