康德与道德虚无主义  

Analysis on Kant and Moral Nihilism

作　　者：杨云飞[1] YANG Yun-fei

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期12-21,178,共11页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“康德法权哲学基本问题研究”(19BZX104)。

摘　　要：道德虚无主义否认道德的真实性,其典型主张是道德本身就是子虚乌有之事。虽然康德尚未明确认识到道德虚无主义之概念,但他在反驳道德怀疑主义时,曾附带地提及并回应了道德虚无主义的观念。在其主要著作中,康德以“隐性”的方式坚定地拒斥了道德虚无主义。在《实践理性批判》中,康德通过道德法则的效力阐明了纯粹理性本身就是实践的,为道德奠定理性之根基,从而展现了道德虚无主义之不实。在《纯粹理性批判》中,康德除了正面揭示人作为理性存在者始终秉有道德兴趣,还通过道德兴趣缺失者的思想实验,展现了人只要懂得利害计算,结合上帝和来世的可能信念,就可以产生出道德的“类似物”,这也以特殊方式彰显了人类的道德本性。在《纯然理性限度内的宗教》中,康德通过对人性善恶的阐述,特别是对人性中“善的种子”的深入刻画,表明不存在对道德无感的人,由此最终拒绝了道德虚无主义。康德有力地确证了人的道德本性,其最大教益或许是,在一个道德虚无主义甚至各种类型的虚无主义大行其道的时代,人依然可以相信理性,选择崇高。Moral nihilism denies the existence of morality and claims that morality itself is nothingness.Kant had mentioned and responded to the concept of moral nihilism while showing his argument against moral skepticism,although he had not yet explicitly recognized the concept of moral nihilism.In his main works,Kant firmly rejects moral nihilism implicitly.In the Second Critique,he demonstrates the falsity of moral nihilism by clarifying that pure reason is itself practical through the effect of the moral law.In the First Critique,apart from revealing that any human being as rational being has a moral interest,through the thought-experiment of a morally disinterested man,Kant reveals that a moral“analogue”which“could powerfully restrain the outbreak of evil disposition”can emerge in men by understanding the calculus of interests and combining them with possible beliefs in God and the afterlife.It also manifests the moral nature of human beings in a special way.In Religion within the Boundaries of mere Reason,he demonstrates that there is no such thing as a morally insensitive human being through his exposition of the good and evil in human nature,and especially through his in-depth portrayal of the“germ of goodness”in humanity,thus ultimately rejecting moral nihilism.His confirmation of the rational and moral nature of human beings conveys a meaningful lesson for all:in an era when moral nihilism,or even various types of nihilism,is prevalent,human beings can still believe in reason and choose the sublime.

关 键 词：康德 道德虚无主义 纯粹实践理性 道德兴趣 人性 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学] B516.31