孔子的占筮实践与易学方法论创造  

Confucius's Divinatory Practice and Methodological Creation of Changes Scholarship

作　　者：刘雷 王承略[1] LIU Lei;WANG Cheng-lue

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《周易研究》2024年第2期71-80,共10页Studies of Zhouyi

摘　　要：孔子早年延续了春秋以来对《易》的占筮认识和实践传统,进行了大量的占筮实践。在此过程中,孔子超拔了春秋以来的人文理性传统,对《易》进行了哲理化思考,对象进行了道德性、辩证性的解读。占命得旅是孔子由占转向不占的节点,此后孔子走向了系统的义理研究和道德理性建构,教人从被动的鬼神赐福转向主动的修德致福,从而解放人的主体性,发挥人的主动性。在乾卦《文言传》中,孔子据乾卦六爻建构了君子之德的理论形态,并诠释了其各自的实践路径与相互关系,为人提供了一条成德之途,具有重要的理论和实践意义。从《系辞传》来看,孔子解说卦爻辞注重义理引申和兴发引申,对易象的理解愈加贴近道德和人事。孔子解卦以道德理性为根基,既关注卦爻辞的整体意象,又关注具体的爻位爻辞;既关注主观的动态,又关注客观的情实和情势;既关注对立统一,又关注矛盾转化,由此建构了一套学《易》践《易》的全新方法论。Confucius inherited the divinatory understanding and practical tradition of the Yijing from the Springs and Autumns period(770-476 BCE),and conducted a large amount of divination in his early years.In this process,Confucius sublimated the tradition of humanistic rationality since the Springs and Autumns period,offered philosophical thinking on the Changes,and interpreted the images in a moral and dialectical way.The divination with the result of hexagram Lu[■,Treading,56]was a turning point for Confucius to quit making divination.From then on,Confucius moved towards a systematic study of meanings and principles and the construction of moral rationality,taught people to shift from passively getting blessings from ghosts and gods to actively cultivating virtues to get blessings,thereby liberating human subjectivity and exerting human initiative.In the Wenyan zhuan(Commentary on the Words of the Text)of the Qian hexagram[■,The Creative,1],Confucius constructed the theoretical form of the virtue of men of noble character based on the six lines of hexagram Qian,and interpreted their respective ways of practice and their relationships,providing a path for people to cultivate virtues,which has important theoretical and practical significance.From the Xici zhuan(Commentary on the Appended Phrases),it can be seen that Confucius paid attention to the extension of meaning and principles while interpreting hexagrams,and his understanding of the images of Yi became more closely related to morality and human affairs.Confucius'interpretation of hexagrams is based on moral rationality,focusing not only on the overall imagery of hexagrams,but also on specific line positions and statements,not only on the subjective dynamics but also objective realities and situations,not only on the unity of opposites but also the transformation of contradictions,constructing a brand-new methodology for studying and practicing the Changes.

关 键 词：孔子 《易》 占筮 道德理性 方法论 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]