事神与均惠:从儒家祭礼的两条脉络看中国社会的神圣性来源  

Serving the Gods and Distributing Benefits:Confucian Sacrificial Rites as the Sources of Sacredness in Chinese Society

作　　者：宋丹丹 凌鹏[1] Song Dandan;Ling Peng

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系,北京100871

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期161-174,217,共15页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：《仪礼》中所有的《特性馈食礼》记载了儒家祭祀父祖之礼,这一礼经文本显露了儒家尝试通过蕴含“事神”和“均惠”这两条脉络的祭礼在宗族中激发“尊祖敬宗”情感的努力。其中,“事神”指的是作为主祭者的主人和主妇在宗族族人和宾客的帮助下馈享父祖,“均惠”指的是神惠通过礼仪动作下的饮食在父祖之神、主人主妇、宗族族人和宾客间流转。“事神”和“均惠”的双重礼意明确了神惠来源于祖先、流向宗族,达成了祖先与宗族共在的仪式效果,祭礼对于宗法制度的动态维续至关重要。宗族始终是中国社会的基础,儒家祭礼文本揭示了祖先是宗族神圣性的来源,这一神圣性亦通过宗族构成中国社会的基础和底色。The Western theoretical tradition,represented by Durkheim and Mauss,views sacrificial rites as one of the core rituals that endow society with sacredness.They believe that sacrificial rites play a significant role in bridging individuals and society,as well as the divine and the mundane.In contrast,in modern Chinese rural areas,clans are considered the most common and essential form of social organization.Researchers have observed that sacrificial activities within clans serve to construct clan identity and are crucial to the continuation of clan organizations.Western theories on the relationship between sacrificial rites,society,and sacredness provide both inspiration and challenges for understanding Chinese sacrificial rites.On one hand,under the conceptual framework of“individual-society”,the Western theoretical tradition views sacrificial rites as rituals that individuals endow society with sacredness.This inspires us to interpret sacrificial rites in the Chinese context,specifically within the framework of“individual-clan”,as rituals where individuals endow clans with sacredness.On the other hand,most field studies in China tend to discuss the functions of sacrificial rites externally,without paying sufficient attention to how sacrificial rites establish an internal sacred connection between individuals and clans at the level of belief.To address this,this article examines sacrificial rites within clans as the research object and discusses the sources of sacredness in Chinese society at the theoretical level.By analyzing the sacrificial rites recorded in Book of Rites,this article argues that Confucian sacrificial rites follow two threads:“serving the gods”and“distributing benefits”.These threads respectively construct the rituals of the clan members offering to their ancestors and the ancestors benevolence to the clan members.Among them,the patriarch,as the most honorable member of the clan,serves as the bond connecting ancestors,clan members,serving the gods,and distributing benefits.The sa

关 键 词：祭礼 祖先 宗法制度 礼物理论 

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