用行舍藏:朱子哲学中命限的消解  

Acting Timely: Zhu Xi's Solution to the Actual Limitationsof "Ming"

作　　者：张云起 ZHANG Yunqi

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系

出　　处：《中国矿业大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期83-97,共15页Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：朱熹通过理气结构延续和完成了宋代道学诸儒对“命”概念的改造,将经典传统中“命”概念的“命限”与“使命”二义内在地整合,并将“命”概念的核心确立为“使命”,以“使命”收束“命限”,削弱“命”概念之中不测而阻碍人道德实践的面向。他将“命限”义落实在气层面,将“命”的本质归为“使命”义并落实在理层面,将气层面上的命限解释为天理(同时亦是天命,用“命”的“使命”义)展开所带来的限制。从而,朱熹认为对于能够充分展现性理的圣人而言“不消得言命”,即没有命的限制可言。对朱熹来说,即使从历史情形来看,圣人有所不能为,这也并非命限带来的无可奈何。这是基于朱熹对命限的特殊解释。命限被解释为理本身展开为气的过程中落入具体之“时”,从而不得不有的自然限制。而圣人之心的展开与天理的展开同一,圣人不是被命所限制而未能实现自身事业,而只是展现出天理在具体时遇之中最好的可能,这种可能所包含的一切限定都只是天理在具体时空之中的自然限制。朱熹坚持在一个极度理想化的圣人身上,应然之理终能充分、自如地展现,作为道德应然的天理亦是自洽的。Through the structure of Li(coherence)and Qi(vital process),Zhu Xi continues and finishes the Song Neo-Confucianist project of transforming the notion of"Ming",integrating the inherent meanings of"endowed limitations"and"mission"in the notion of"Ming".Zhu Xi suggests that in the case of the sages,who are able to fully manifest the Li,there is no need of talking about"Ming".Even though the sages may seem unable to achieve certain goals in their historical scenarios,it is still not a case of the limitation of"Ming".Underlying such view is Zhu Xi's proposition of a special interpretation of"Ming",whereas the limitations of"Ming"is interpreted as Li's necessary self-restriction within specific time-situations manifested in the Qi process.The actual unfolding of the sages'heart-mind is identical with the unfolding of Li.Thus,the sages are not restricted by"Ming",but instead are manifesting the optimizing possibility of Li in a particular historical moment.The actual limitation to the sages'activities,if any,is only the natural selfrestriction of Li.Zhu Xi insists that in the case of the sages,the ideal Li could fully unfold as its optimal actuality.As the moral ideal,Li is self-coherent.

关 键 词：宋明理学 朱熹哲学 理气 用行舍藏 天命 

分 类 号：B244[哲学宗教—中国哲学]