在自由意志与“我执”之间:威廉·詹姆斯教育思想中的注意力问题  

Between Free Will and Obsession with the Self:The Issue of Attention in William James'Educational Thoughts

作　　者：黄君子 HUANG Junzi(Graduate School of Education,Peking University,Beijing,100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学教育学院,北京100871

出　　处：《全球教育展望》2024年第4期74-89,共16页Global Education

摘　　要：注意力是教育理论和实践中的重要概念。19世纪中下叶,在“我思”这一主体行将消逝之时,注意力成为重新缝合人之“统觉”的替代力量。同时,注意力也在不断被心理化、科学化,成为技术理性控制的对象。以刺激—反应为基本函数的反射注意力,成为德国实验心理学中的主要研究对象和主题,并进入欧陆和北美的教育学科,逐渐建构现代注意力的概念核心。然而,美国心理学者威廉·詹姆斯等思想家认为,心理学将注意力分离为刺激—反应的反射函数是反人类的思想图式,并提出了“有意注意”等概念,认为注意力突显的是自由意志的精力和活力,具有科学无法测量和辨认的潜能空间。但在哈佛大学面对教师的一系列有关心理学的讲座中,詹姆斯却肯定了反射注意力,并提出了一系列与自身学说看似背反的观点。这一事件不仅显示出詹姆斯教育思想的界限,也反映了心理主义与自由人文主义教育之间错综复杂的联系。之后,詹姆斯再次对注意力这一概念作出了重要的修正,试图淡化注意力概念中的“唯意志论”色彩,消解人与社会的“我执”,从而探究一种开放的、疗愈式的教育哲学。本文将在詹姆斯著作的语境下,分析其有关注意力问题的几次创造、阐释和修正,辨析这一理论的独特性和局限性,以丰富与拓展詹姆斯的思想对当下教育发展的启发和意义。Attention is an important concept in educational theory and practice.In the middle to late 19th century,as the subjectivity of"Cogito"was fading away,attention emerged as an alternative force to reassemeble the"apperception"of humanity.At the same time,attention was continuously psychologized and scientized,becoming the object of technological rational control.Reflexive attention,with stimulus-response as its basic function,became a major research object and theme in German experimental psychology,and entered the field of education in Europe and North America,gradually becoming the core concept of modern attention.However,American psychologist William James and other thinkers believed that separating attention into the function of stimulus-response was dehumanizing conceptualization,and proposed concepts such as"voluntary attention",asserting that attention highlights the energy and vitality of free will,with potential spaces that science cannot measure or recognize.But in a series of public lectures on psychology for teachers at Harvard University,James affirmed reflexive attention and put forward a series of viewpoints seemingly contradictory to his own doctrine.The zigzagging journey of James'thoughts on attention mirrors the intricate entanglement of psychologism with education informed by liberal humanism,it also manifests the boundaries of James'pragmatism.Following that,James made important revisions to the concept of attention,attempting to dilute the"voluntarism"color in the concept attention,dissolving the""self-assertion"of individuals and society,thus exploring an open and therapeutic philosophy of education.This study attempts to help deepen our understanding of James'thoughts,and also enrich and expand the current scholarship on the concepts of attention in the field of education.

关 键 词：威廉·詹姆斯 注意力 意识流 心理主义 自由人文主义教育 

分 类 号：G40-09[文化科学—教育学原理]