学校劳动教育实施路径的历史审视——基于德国劳作学校与美国芝加哥大学实验学校的比较分析  

A Historical Review of the Implementation Path of School Labor Education:a Comparative Analysis Based on German Labor Schools and the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools

作　　者：任平 方纯燕 林嘉雯 REN Ping;FANG Chunyan;LIN Jiawen(School of Education,Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,Guangdong,China,510006)

机构地区：[1]广州大学教育学院,广东广州510006

出　　处：《教育文化论坛》2024年第3期85-96,共12页Tribune of Education Culture

基　　金：中国高等教育学会2022年度重点课题“国际比较视角下服务学习类高校劳动课程开发与教学模式研究”(22LD0205)。

摘　　要：凯兴斯泰纳创立劳作学校的目标是培养和谐发展的公民,而杜威创办的芝加哥大学实验学校的目标是培养个性发展的儿童,二者都十分强调劳动教育在儿童成长过程中的重要作用,重视儿童的具身体验,认为劳动教育的关键在于让儿童参与到手脑并用的活动中。通过比较两所学校劳动教育的实践路径发现:在课程类型上,劳作学校设立了独立、必修的劳动课,实验学校则开设了大量符合儿童本能的劳动课程;在教学活动形式上,劳作学校开办了丰富多样的“实习工厂”,实验学校则强调“主动作业”;在教学内容的组织与编排上,劳作学校和实验学校分别呈现出“横向编排”与“纵向编排”的特点;在师资选择上,劳作学校强调“双师型教师”,实验学校则更倾向于“专家型教师”。二者对我国学校开展劳动教育的启示是:一是要选择具有教育性的劳动内容,通过多种形式发挥劳动的教育效能;二是要密切联系日常生活实践,完善劳动教育的软硬件配置;三是要建设一支专业化的师资队伍,将高校师范生培养、教师专修学校培训、转岗教师进修三大路径并行,在不同阶段发挥出各自优势。The goal of Kerschensteiner,founder of the labor school,was to cultivate harmoniously developed citizens,while Dewey,founder of the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools,aimed to foster children with individualized development.Both emphasized the significant role of labor education in the growth process of children and valued children's embodied experiences.They believed that the key to labor education lies in engaging children in activities that involve both hands and minds.By comparing the practical paths of labor education in both schools,several findings emerged.In terms of curriculum types,the labor school established independent and compulsory labor courses,while the laboratory school offered a variety of labor courses that aligned with children's instincts.Regarding teaching activities,the labor school established diverse"internship factories",while the laboratory school emphasized"active tasks".In organizing and arranging teaching content,the labor school and the laboratory school demonstrated characteristics of"horizontal arrangement"and"vertical arrangement"respectively.In terms of teacher selection,the labor school emphasized"double-quality teachers",while the laboratory school leaned towards"expert-type teachers".The insights from both schools for implementing labor education in China are as follows:firstly,selecting labor content with educational value and harnessing the educational effectiveness of labor through various forms;secondly,establishing close connections with daily life practices and improving the hardware and software configuration of labor education;thirdly,building a professional teaching team by integrating university teacher training,teacher vocational school training,and in-service teacher further education for transfer teachers,leveraging their respective strengths at different stages.

关 键 词：劳动教育 凯兴斯泰纳 杜威 德国劳作学校 美国芝加哥大学实验学校 

分 类 号：G40-015[文化科学—教育学原理]