“法后王”:荀子对孔孟国家伦理的逻辑改造  

“Following Later King”:Xunzi’Logical Reforming of the State Ethics of Confucius and Mencius

作　　者：李成彬 LI Cheng-bin(Harbin University,Harbin 150086,China)

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨学院文法学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150086

出　　处：《哈尔滨学院学报》2024年第5期21-26,共6页Journal of Harbin University

摘　　要：在儒家传统思想中,家庭伦理与国家政治伦理重合,所以,在血亲氏族制国家中,一国之君同时也是一家之长,君臣关系就是父子关系。但到了春秋战国,由于血缘氏族制国家向地域国家转型,这种国家伦理思想遭遇困境。面对困境,孔孟选择坚持,而荀子则适时改变。他以逻辑的方式消解了家庭伦理在国家政治中的基础地位,在宇宙的大背景之下把“气”“知”“义”当作客观标准,将万物划分为水火、草木、禽兽和人类四个层次,证明人类最贵,从而确立了人对万物的统治依据;而在社会之中,再通过自然的生物之人和君师治下的社会之人的区分,强调社会之人高于生物之人,最终证明,君最贵,从而确立了君的统治依据。由于国家伦理思想的修正必然引起现实政治操作的改变,于是“法后王”思想就应运而生,这是荀子逻辑改造传统国家伦理思想的必然结果,而且,本身也是逻辑方法的运用,对现代国家治理有很强的借鉴意义。In traditional Confucian ethics,there is almost no essential distinction between family and state.Therefore,in the clan state,the king has the same identity with patriarch,which determines that the relationship between king and his subjects and that between father and sons.Since there was a transformation from clan state to regional state during the Spring and Autumn period,the idea must be challenged by this.Confronted with the situation,Confucius and Mencius insisted the traditional idea,and Xunzi selected an appropriate adjustment.He logically deconstructed the fundamental position of family ethics in national politics,using“qi”,“knowledge”,and“righteousness”as objective standards in the context of the universe.He divided all things into four levels:water and fire,vegetation,animals,and humans,proving that humans are the most precious,thus establishing the basis for human rule over all things.In society,by distinguishing between natural biological beings and those under the rule of rulers and masters,it is emphasized that social beings are superior to biological beings,ultimately proving that rulers are the most precious and establishing the basis for their rule.Due to the revision of national ethical thinking inevitably leading to changes in practical political operations,the idea of“after the late king”emerged.This is the inevitable result of Xunzi’s logical transformation of traditional national ethical thinking,and it is also the application of logical methods,which has strong reference significance for modern national governance.

关 键 词：法后王 法先王 国家伦理 归纳 演绎 操术 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]