理性作为人的尊严:论康德意义上的教育必然是世界公民教育  

Reason as Human Dignity:Education in the Kantian Sense is Necessarily Education for World Citizenship

作　　者：彭正梅[1] 吴月竹 毛宵 PENG Zhengmei;WU Yuezhu;MAO Xiao(Institute of International and Comparative Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai,200062,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学国际与比较教育研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《湖南师范大学教育科学学报》2024年第3期5-16,共12页Journal of Educational Science of Hunan Normal University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金“十四五”规划2022年度教育学一般课题“教育学如何回应文化自信:德国当代教育学原理研究”[BAA220168]。

摘　　要：在康德于1874年发表的《世界公民视野下的普遍历史观》中,理性被康德视为人类的独特禀赋和人类尊严的体现,理性是人类普遍历史发展的线索和目的。在普遍历史进程中,理性是人格发展的目标,并进一步在国家和世界层面不断扩张,最终完成“普遍的世界公民”的自由使用理性的这一“大自然的隐蔽计划”。这一计划的实现有赖于理性的公共使用、完善公民宪法的保障和各国致力于永久和平的多重努力。在这种世界公民的历史哲学视野下,内嵌入人类这一理性/尊严扩张进程的教育进程,必然是世界主义的;作为理性存在者的人的教育,必然是世界公民的教育。对于今天日益对抗、分裂和阵营划分的世界危机,发展作为永恒的高阶能力的理性或批判性思维,应该成为公民教育的基本要素,把对永久和平的期待转变为一种永久的理性对话,来考察全球议题,寻求全球共识,展现公民勇气,重建和推动人类共同体的持续繁荣。In Kant's essay“Idea for a Universal History in the Perspective of the World Citizen”published in 1784,reason is regarded as the unique endowment of human beings and the embodiment of human dignity.Reason is the thread and purpose of the universal historical development of humanity.In the process of universal history,reason is the goal of personal development,and it further expands continuously at the level of the state and the world,ultimately completing nature's“hidden plan”of the free use of reason by“universal world citizens”.The realization of this plan relies on the public use of reason,the guarantee of an improved civil constitution,and the multiple efforts of various nations to strive for perpetual peace.From the perspective of this cosmopolitan philosophy of history,the educational process embedded in the expansion of reason/dignity of humanity must be cosmopolitan;the education of human beings as rational beings must be the education of world citizens.To address the increasingly confrontational,divided,and polarized world crisis today,developing reason or critical thinking as an eternal higher-order capability should become a fundamental element of civic education.This requires transforming the expectation of perpetual peace into a form of perpetual rational dialogue to examine global issues,seek global consensus,demonstrate civic courage,and rebuild and promote the continued prosperity of the human community.

关 键 词：康德 理性 尊严 世界历史 世界公民教育 

分 类 号：G40-09[文化科学—教育学原理]