民心即天命:董仲舒政治哲学评议  

The Will of People is the Mandate of Heaven:A Review of Dong Zhongshu’s Political Philosophy

作　　者：曾振宇[1] ZENG Zhenyu(Advanced Institute for Confucian Studies,Shandong University,Jinan,Shandong 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒学高等研究院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《衡水学院学报》2024年第3期1-12,共12页Journal of Hengshui University

摘　　要：董仲舒作为‚群儒首‛,代表了一个历史时期的‚时代精神‛。董仲舒从形上学高度论证‚民心即天命‛,凡是赢得民心的政权,一定是顺受天命的政权;凡是丧失民心的政权,必定也是被天命所否定乃至废绝的政权。通过剖析‚民心即天心‛‚仁,天心‛‚天为民立王‛‚屈君而伸天‛‚臣道有为‛‚不敢有君民之心‛、尚忠义、贤能治天下、‚逆命‛与‚顺命‛等等一系列命题与思想,我们发现董仲舒力图论证政治哲学根本性问题:何为政治之善?董仲舒的回答是:超越现实私己利益,将现实政治制度、政治决策、政治伦理、制度伦理和社会政治理想目标建立在儒家仁义这一文化依托与道德精神之上,以是否‚爱民‛作为政治原则,以是否顺应民心、是否符合仁义作为社会政治最高圭臬与终极奋斗目标,就是政治之善。为天下立法,是董仲舒孜孜以求的社会使命。Dong Zhongshu,as the“head of Confucianism”,represents the“spirit of the times”of a historical period.He demonstrates from a metaphysical height that“the will of people is the mandate of heaven”,that is,any regime that wins the will of people must be a regime that obeys the mandate of heaven;any regime that loses the will of people must also be a regime that is denied or even abolished by the mandate of heaven.By analyzing a series of propositions and thoughts,such as“the will of people is the mandate of heaven”,“benevolence is the will of heaven”,“the heaven empowers the monarch for people”,“a monarch must submit absolutely to the will of heaven”,“there is a reason for the regulation and duty of being a minister”,“one cannot have the will of monarch and the will of people”,“one who advocates loyalty and righteousness and has virtue and talent can rule the world”,“disobeying the mandate of heaven”and“obeying the mandate of heaven”,etc.,we find that Dong Zhongshu tries to demonstrate the fundamental issue of political philosophy:what is the goodness of politics?His answer is that the goodness of politics is transcending the actual private interests,establishing the realistic political system,political policies,political ethics,institutional ethics,and social-political ideal goals on the cultural support and moral spirit of Confucian benevolence and righteousness,taking“loving the people”as the political principle and complying with the will of people and conforming to the standards of benevolence and righteousness as the highest criterion and ultimate goal of social politics.To legislate for the world is the social mission that Dong Zhongshu diligently pursues.

关 键 词：董仲舒 民心 天命 爱民 仁 王道 政治哲学 

分 类 号：B234.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]