论法兰克福学派批判理论面临的“根本挑战”——从社会批判的方法论视角看  

The"Fundamental Challenge"Faced by the Frankfurt School's Critical Theory:An Analysis from the Methodological Perspective

作　　者：周爱民 ZHOU Aimin

机构地区：[1]同济大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第5期53-61,共9页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“‘内在批判’视角下21世纪批判理论的演进逻辑及启示研究”(项目编号:23BZX010)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：以莱塞尼希为代表的新一代批判理论家指出,批判理论传统用来解释资本主义危机的方法在当代面临着两大“根本挑战”,即无法关注社会现象的全球相关性和社会再生产的物质维度。在方法论层面,由于批判理论传统一直坚守内在批判,问题就转化为内在批判能否应对这种“根本挑战”。因受限于传统历史哲学的框架,早期批判理论的内在批判模型确实存在诸多缺陷,但是这并不意味着对当代资本主义施行内在批判不再可行。以霍耐特为代表的当代批判理论家们试图通过重新理解内在批判,来解决内在批判在后形而上学时代面临的“内在超越”难题。可以用“规范重构”的规范批判路径与“非规范衡量”的批判路径,区分他们不同的理解方式。然而,这两种理解路径都只能部分回应批判理论在当代面临的根本挑战。由此可见,当代批判理论在方法论上面临的更深层挑战是,如何更为一致地统合两种具有“内在超越”潜能的批判实践,以更全面地应对来自当代资本主义的实际挑战。The new generation of critical theorists,represented by Lessenich,points out that the traditional methods of critical theory to explain capitalist crises faces two fundamental challenges in contemporary times:the inability to address the global interconnectedness of social phenomena and the material dimension of social reproduction.At the methodological level,due to its adherence to immanent critique,the question turns to whether immanent critique can effectively respond to these fundamental challenges.Although old critical theory's model of immanent critique indeed had many flaws due to constraints imposed by the framework of traditional historical philosophy,this does not mean that it is no longer feasible in employing immanent critique in critiquing contemporary capitalism.Contemporary critical theorists,exemplified by Honneth,attempt to address the"immanent transcendence"dilemma faced by immanent critique in the post-metaphysical era by reinterpreting it.Their diferent understandings can be distinguished through the paths of"normative reconstruction"and"non-normative measurement".However,each of these paths can only partially respond to the fundamental challenges faced by critical theory in the contemporary context and is unable to fully address them.Thus,the deeper methodological challenge confronting contemporary critical theory lies in how to more coherently integrate two forms of critical practice with inherent transcendent potential to more comprehensively respond to the actual challenges posed by contemporary capitalism.

关 键 词：内在批判 批判理论 霍耐特 莱塞尼希 

分 类 号：B516.5[哲学宗教—外国哲学]