刑事责令退赔的适用困境、功能反思与制度重塑  

Application Dilemma,Functional Rethinking and Institutional Remodeling of Criminal Restitution

作　　者：吴光升 WU Guangsheng(Law School of Wenzhou University,Wenzhou 325035,China)

机构地区：[1]温州大学法学院,浙江温州325035

出　　处：《现代法学》2024年第3期34-53,共20页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“刑事诉讼案外人财产权保障研究”(20BFX090)。

摘　　要：责令退赔是刑法规定的救济被害人损失的一条重要途径,但责令退赔程序在当前面临重重困境。一方面,这缘于学界与实务界对责令退赔的实然功能缺乏统一认识;另一方面,在于责令退赔的实然功能已不能满足加强被害人权利保障的社会发展需求。当前的责令退赔是一种在无法追缴违法所得原物时强制犯罪行为人退赔等值财物的准不当得利衡平措施,为加强被害人的权利保障,应将责令退赔定位为一种尽可能利用刑事责任追究程序结果救济被害人损失的准被害人损失救济措施。为充分发挥责令退赔救济被害人损失的功能,一方面,应以涉案财物最终归属为标准,将《刑法》第64条的涉案财物处置措施分为没收与责令退赔两种,并以人民法院判决时的涉案财物存在样态为标准区分不同的执行方式;另一方面,区分责令退赔程序与没收程序,以被害人申请作为启动责令退赔程序的条件,理顺责令退赔程序与刑事责任追究程序的关系,赋予并保障被害人程序参与权,增设财产保全措施,赋予被害人不服责令退赔裁决的上诉权,并允许被害人就未足额退赔损失另行提起民事诉讼。Restitution is an important way to relieve victims'losses under the Criminal Law,but the restitution procedure is facing many difficulties at present.On the one hand,this lies in the lack of a unified understanding of the current function of restitution in the academic and practical circles,and on the other hand,it lies in the fact that the current function of restitution can no longer meet the new needs of social development in terms of strengthening the protection of victims'rights.The current restitution is a quasiunjust enrichment measure that forces the perpetrator of a crime to surrender the proceeds of the crime when the original proceeds of the crime cannot be recovered,and in order to strengthen the protection of the rights of the victim,the function of restitution should be positioned as a quasi-victim-loss relief measure that makes use of the results of the procedure of pursuing criminal liability to relieve the loss of the victim as far as possible.In order to give full play to the function of restitution in relieving victims'losses,on the one hand,the system of measures for dealing with property under Article 64 of the Criminal Law should be reconstructed based on the criterion of ultimate belonging of the property involved in the case,divided into two kinds of measures for dealing with confiscation and criminal restitution,and differentiated from different ways of execution based on the existence of the property involved in the case at the time of the court's judgment as a criterion;on the other hand,a distinction should be made between restitution and confiscation procedures,with the victim's application serving as a condition for the initiation of restitution procedures,rationalizing the relationship between restitution and criminal accountability procedures,granting and safeguarding the victims right to participate in the procedures,adding property preservation measures,granting the victim the right of appeal against the restitution decision,and permitting the victim to file a separate civil laws

关 键 词：被害人损失 责令退赔 准不当得利衡平措施 准被害人损失救济措施 

分 类 号：DF73[政治法律—诉讼法学]