元主体、社会身份、情景角色:言语主体范畴的重新分析  

Meta-subject,Social Identity and Situational Role:A Re-analysis of the Category of Speech Subject

作　　者：胡范铸 Hu Fanzhu(Chinese Language and Culture College,Huaqiao University,Xiamen 361021,China)

机构地区：[1]华侨大学华文学院,厦门361021

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期90-103,共14页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“以‘新言语行为分析'为核心的汉语修辞学理论研究”(项目批准号:19AYY002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：语言运用的过程就是“人类使用话语完成信息交换的行为”亦即“言语行为”。任何言语行为都有一定的行为主体即“言语主体”。言语主体是语言运用研究的第一性问题,这一问题应分为三个层面:一是元语用层面的“元主体”问题,其语言标记便是“人称”,任何人称代词系统都包括了“我你他”,这意味着言语过程不仅是“我说你听”,更是“说话者(我)/听话者(你)/监督者(他)”三者的博弈,有无“他者”意识是言语行为现代性的基本标志之一;二是社会身份的定位及身份彼此之间的关系亦即身份指称系统问题,其语言标记便是“称谓”,这一系统可以分为自发性称谓和规制性称谓两大类,自发性称谓不仅包括“尊称”“贬称”,还应该认识到存在“平称”,“平称”的发育是当代社会语言生活的显著特点;三是具体交际语境中的身份选择与建构问题,其语言标记便是“称呼”,“称呼”是对“元主体”和“称谓系统”的征用,更是对言语交际中彼此关系合法性的磋商,决定这一磋商过程的基本参数不仅是通常认为的“距离”和“等级”,更包含“情感”,由此构成“情感原则>距离原则>权势原则”的序列。The process of language use is"the behavior of human beings using discourse to complete the exchange of information,"that is,"speech behavior."Any speech behavior has a certain behavior subject,that is,"speech subject."The subject of speech is the primary concern in the study of language use.This issue should be divided into three levels:First,the"meta-subject"issue at the meta-pragmatic level,and its linguistic marker is the"person.Any personal pronoun system includes"I,you and he/she,"which means that the speech process is not only"I speak,you listen,"but also a game of"speaker(I)/listener(you)/supervisor(he/she)."The existence of the"other"consciousness is one of the basic symbols of speech behavior modernity.The second is the positioning of social identity and the relationship between identities,that is,the problem of identity reference system.Its language marker is"appellation."This system can be divided into two major systems:spontaneous appellation and regulatory appellation.Spontaneous appellation includes not only"honorific appellation"and"derogatory appellation,"but also the existence of"equal appellation."The development of"equal appellation"is a prominent feature of contemporary social language life.The third is the problem of identity selection and construction in the specific communicative context.Its linguistic marker is"address.""Address"is the requisition of"meta-subject"and"address system,"and it is also the negotiation of the legitimacy of each other's relationship in verbal communication.The basic parameters that determine this negotiation process are not only the generally considered"distance"and"hierarchy,"but also"emotion,"which constitutes the sequence of"emotion principle>distance principle>power principle.

关 键 词：新言语行为分析 言语主体 元主体/人称 社会身份/称谓 情景角色/称呼 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]