弥合少子化下的教育鸿沟:日本公营塾的经验  

Bridging the Educational Gap under the Sub-replacement Fertility:The Experience and Enlightenment of Japanese Public Juku

作　　者：徐光木 张凯琳 XU Guangmu;ZHANG Kailin(School of Economic Management and Law,Hubei Normal University,Huangshi 435002,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北师范大学经济管理与法学院,湖北黄石435002

出　　处：《外国教育研究》2024年第5期32-46,共15页Studies in Foreign Education

基　　金：2023年度湖北省教育厅哲学社会科学研究重点项目“校外培训协同治理的国际经验及湖北探索研究”(项目编号:23D083)。

摘　　要：伴随着少子化趋势的日益加重,日本农村偏远地区的地方政府意图通过举办公营塾留住年轻人。公营塾以弥合少子化下的教育鸿沟为核心目标,旨在通过服务于学生更好升学,与学校之间优势互补、形成良性互动。公营塾由日本町一级地方政府批准设立,采取町长负责制和“政府主导+部门监管+企业运营”的体制机制。经过近十年实践探索,日本在发展公营塾方面已取得一些成绩,主要体现在三方面:建立了基本覆盖全国的公营塾网络;提升了农村偏远地区的升学率;拓宽了农村偏远地区的“人才蓄水池”。但在实践过程中,仍然面临资金投入存在不确定性、师资供给缺乏保障性、定位尚未达成共识等多方面挑战。借鉴日本的经验,反思其面临的问题,我国需要调整中小学校与校外培训机构互斥的思维模式以及在农村偏远地区开展公办校外培训机构试点等。With the worsening trend of declining birth rates,local governments in rural and remote areas of Japan intend to retain young people by establishing public Jukus.The core objective of these public Jukus is to bridge the educational gap under declining birth rates,aiming to better serve students in their academic advancement,complementing the advantages of schools,and fostering positive interactions.Public Jukus are established with the approval of local governments at the town level in Japan,operating under a system where the mayor is responsible and featuring a mechanism of "government-led + departmental supervision + corporate operation".After nearly a decade of exploration,Japan has achieved some progress in developing public Jukus,reflected in three aspects:establishing a nationwide network of public Jukus,improving the enrollment rates in rural and remote areas,and broadening the talent pool in these regions.However,in the process,challenges persist,including uncertainties in funding,lack of guaranteed teacher,and the absence of a consensus on position.Learn from Japan's experience and reflecting on its challenges,China needs to adjust the mindset of mutual exclusion between primary and secondary schools and training institutions,as well as initiate pilot projects for public training institutions in rural and remote areas.

关 键 词：日本 学习塾 公营塾 少子化 教育鸿沟 

分 类 号：G40-011.8[文化科学—教育学原理] G313[文化科学—教育学]