普通话儿童句法发展的里程碑  

Milestones in the Syntactic Development of Mandarin-Speaking Children

作　　者：张云秋[1] 彭鹏程 晁代金 Zhang Yunqiu;Peng Pengcheng;Chao Daijin

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学文学院,北京100089

出　　处：《语言战略研究》2024年第4期45-58,共14页Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“类型学视野下的1—4岁普通话儿童句法发展研究”(19BYY078)。

摘　　要：句法启动、语序和成分结构、递归和功能标记是普通话儿童的最低限度句法知识,其习得标志着汉语普通话儿童“句法骨骼”的基本形成,可以根据它们的习得年龄段勾勒出汉语普通话儿童句法发展的里程碑。考察5名普通话儿童的早期纵贯性产出语料,发现其句法习得历程为:(1)以语调词–独词句的习得为标记,从1;00岁左右就通过韵律特征(语调)的启动而进入句法发展的萌芽期;1;05~1;06岁,进入双词句阶段时就对语序参数敏感,并且各类简单的成分结构开始涌现,在双词句产出后的两三个月里爆发式增长,功能范畴标记也同时涌现。(2)递归知识的习得稍晚于其他词语数量少的简单成分结构,2;00岁左右对宾语关系从句敏感,主语关系从句则在2;04岁左右产出,而涉及更为复杂的内嵌知识的关系从句则到3;00岁甚至之后才有产出。与印欧语儿童句法发展历程相比,既有共性也有差异,具有一定的类型学意义。Syntactic initiation,word order and component structure,recursion,and functional markers are the minimum syntactic knowledge for Mandarin-speaking children.Acquisition of those syntactic knowledge marks the basic formation of the“syntactic skeleton”of Mandarin-speaking children,and can outline milestones in the syntactic development of Mandarin-speaking children based on their age of acquisition.By examining the early longitudinal productive data offive Mandarin-speaking children,it was found that their syntactic acquisition process is as follows:(1)Using the acquisition of intonation words and holophrase as markers,children enter the embryonic stage of syntactic development around one year old through prosodic features(intonation);At the age 1;05 and 1;06 when children enter the stage of double-word sentences,they are sensitive to word order parameters,and various kinds of simple component structures begin to emerge.In the two to three months after the production of double-word sentences,there is an explosive growth,and functional category markers also emerge at the same time.(2)The acquisition of recursive knowledge is slightly later than that of simple component structures with fewer words.When children are around the age of 2;00,they are sensitive to object relative clauses,and subject relative clauses are produced around the age of 2;04,while relational clauses involving more complex embedded knowledge can be output until the age of 3;00 or even after.Compared with the syntactic development process of Indo-European-speaking children,the syntactic development of Mandarin-speaking children has both commonalities and differences,thus holding certain typological significance.

关 键 词：普通话儿童 句法发展 里程碑 

分 类 号：H002[语言文字—语言学]