条件型数量句的推理型式及机制——以“三个女人一台戏”和“三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”为例  

The Patterns and Mechanisms of Reasoning in Conditionals with Num+Cl+N in Chinese

作　　者：黄瓒辉 HUANG Zanhui(the Department of Chinese,Sun Yat-sen University)

机构地区：[1]中山大学中国语言文学系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第3期354-370,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“汉语量化手段和机制的深度调查与比较研究”(22BYY136)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文讨论汉语条件型数量句的推理型式及机制。条件型数量句由于包含了作为条件的数量名成分,因此其推理型式及机制相对较为复杂。本文指出,条件型数量句涉及两种推理:一种是量化单调性推理,由条件句的全称量化义所致;另一种是极差蕴涵,由条件句所表达的事件难易程度量级所致。非条件句,如带有数量成分的功用句,不具有这样的推理特征。This paper investigates the patterns and mechanisms of reasoning in conditionals with Num+Cl+N in Chinese.Conditionals with Num+Cl+N are sentences like Sange niren yitai xi(三个女人一台戏)and Sange chou pjiang,ding ge Zhige Liang(三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮).With constituents indicating quantity of things as the condition for the completion of related events,such sentences have complex reasoning patterns and mechanisms.This paper firstly analyzes the semantic feature of conditionals with Num+Cl+N,pointing out that such conditionals express universal quantification just as non-conditional universal sentences do,but show certain peculiarities in reasoning due to their involving collective events.As a subtype of universal quantification,conditionals with Num+Cl+N have left downward reasoning,which is the same as all other universal sentences.Left downward reasoning can be fulfilled by replacing the N in Num+Cl+N with its subset N,but not by replacing the Num with a different number.The paper then argues that the impossibility of changing the Num is an influence of the collective meaning of the sentence.Since the Num indicates the number of individuals that participate in the event as a whole agent,the replacement of the number doesn't bring out the inclusion relation between the set of original agents and the new one.However,what contradicts the prediction is that the Num in conditionals with Num+Cl+N can be changed to a larger one without any influence on the truth value of the sentence.The reasoning mechanism lying behind such a reasoning is scalar entailment,which is licensed by the conditionals expressing degrees of completion of events and thus involving a pragmatic scalar in it.The scale of degree of difficulty of completing events is a multi-dimensional semantic scale,comprising the condition and the outcome.When the number in condition becomes larger,it means the whole agent participating in the event is composed of more individuals and can make the completion of the event easier.Thus when the eve

关 键 词：条件句 数量 单调性 极差推理 隐涵 蕴涵 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]