再论甲骨文中的儒——对徐中舒释儒的补充与修正  

Further Discussion on the Meaning of Ru(儒)in Oracle Bone Inscriptions:Supplement and Correction of Xu Zhongshu's Explanation

作　　者：武树臣 Wu Shuchen

机构地区：[1]西北大学

出　　处：《中国文化研究》2024年第2期64-74,共11页Chinese Culture Research

摘　　要：徐中舒发现甲骨文■、■字是“需”即“儒”字,是近世原儒的一大贡献。甲骨文另一个■字也是“需”即“儒”字,相关卜辞丰富了商儒的第一手资料。徐中舒对“需”(■、■)字的解释——大象人形,四点(::)、三点(∴)为水,“需”字象沐浴濡身——是值得斟酌的。甲骨文中的四点(::)、三点(∴)不是水,而是小、少,这是古文字学界的共识。故“需”(■、■、■)字的本义是人之短者、小人、侏儒、小人儒。在商代,侏儒是世代专司相礼的商儒。殷亡以后,商儒与殷民迁徙至鲁卫一带,在殷遗民故地继续以相礼为业。孔子师徒均曾从事过相礼活动。孔门师徒被时人嘲笑讽刺,皆因相礼最初为侏儒世袭之本业。孔子立志通过民间教育和自我修养把相礼为业的小人儒改造成通经入仕的君子儒,并形成儒家学派。Xu Zhongshu contributed greatly to the study of exploring the origin of Confucianism in recent times by identifying ■ and ■ in oracle bone inscriptions as xu or ru.Another character was also ■ believed to be xu or ru,with relevant oracle bone inscriptions as the firsthand material.Xu deciphered the middle part of ■ and ■ as a person,while the four or three dots around it as water,so he concluded that ru means a person taking bath(before offering sacrifices),which is worthy of consideration.However,it has been a consensus in the field of paleography that four or three dots in oracle bone inscriptions mean little or small rather than water.Therefore,the original meaning of ■,■ and ■ should be small or short person or dwarf.In the Shang Dynasty,dwarfs served as ritual performers.Following the downfall of the Shang Dynasty,these dwarfs migrated to Lu and Wei areas with other civilians and continued their ritualistic performances.Confucius and his disciples once performed rites and ceremonies but were scoffed at by the contemporaries because these were considered hereditary occupation of dwarfs.Later by folk education and self-cultivation,Confucius aspired to reform the"dwarf ru"(specializing in ritualistic performance)into"gentleman ru"(focusing on understanding classics and entering official ranks),and to form the Confucianism.

关 键 词：需 儒 侏儒 小人儒 君子儒 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]