机会不平等问题研究进展及其在教育领域的应用展望  

Progress on the Issue of Inequality of Opportunity and Prospects for Its Application in the Field of Education

作　　者：薛远康 张强 XUE Yuan-kang;ZHANG Qiang(Faculty of Education,East China Normal University)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学教育学部

出　　处：《教育经济评论》2024年第2期110-128,共19页China Economics of Education Review

基　　金：清华大学中国农村研究院博士论文奖学金项目(202305)。

摘　　要：伴随着当代政治哲学的平等理论将责任因素纳入考量,罗默提出了机会平等理论,寻求通过“环境—努力”框架区分不平等结果中“不合理”与“合理”的部分,并将其引入经济学研究中,从规范视角探讨不平等的结果与机会以及关注计量分析机会不平等的程度。与此同时,在实证测度日渐完善的背景下,收入分配经济学中机会不平等研究在21世纪得到蓬勃发展,并逐渐扩展到健康、教育等领域。通过综述机会平等理论的起源、测度方法进展及其在收入和教育领域的应用可知,虽然教育领域的应用相对滞后,但十分强调个体努力的重要性,这与机会平等理论具有天然的契合度,从而为处于理论前沿的机会不平等研究范式在教育研究中的广泛应用奠定基础。展望未来,值得进一步研究的内容包括:拓宽机会不平等方法在教育领域的应用空间、通过教育研究特点补充发展机会不平等理论以及将机会不平等与教育研究原有范式相结合,最终助推教育不平等研究趋向深入。As contemporary political philosophical theories of equality have taken responsibility into account,Roemer has developed the theory of equality of opportunity that distinguishes between the fairness and unfairness components of unequal outcomes through an“circumstance-effort”framework,which has been further introduced into economic research to explore the inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity from a normative perspective,and focus on the measurement and analysis of inequality of opportunity.At the same time,the study of inequality of opportunity in the income distribution has flourished in the 21st century as empirical measures have become more sophisticated,and this research paradigm has gradually been extended to the study of inequality in the fields of health and education,resulting in a rich body of research.In this regard,by reviewing the origins of equality of opportunity theory,although the application in the field of education has lagged behind,its emphasis on the importance of individual effort is a natural fit with equal opportunity theory,thus laying the foundation for the broad application of the forefront paradigm of inequality of opportunity in education research.Looking ahead,things that deserve further study include,broadening the scope of application of the inequality of opportunity approach in the field of education,complementing the theory of inequality of opportunity through the characteristics of educational research,as well as combining inequality of opportunity with the existed paradigm of educational research,which could help to deepen the research on educational inequality.

关 键 词：平等理论 机会不平等 不平等测度 收入分配 教育不平等 

分 类 号：G521[文化科学—教育学]