教育惩戒的法理基础与规范运行——兼论教育惩戒的合法性要件  

Legal Basis and Standard Operation of Educational Punishment:On the Legitimacy of Educational Punishment

作　　者：车骋 王琦 CHE Cheng;WANG Qi(School of Law,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,Henan,450001,China;School of Law,Guangzhou College of Commerce,Guangzhou,Guangdong,511363,China)

机构地区：[1]郑州大学法学院,郑州河南450001 [2]广州商学院法学院,广州广东511363

出　　处：《基础教育》2024年第1期5-18,共14页Journal of Schooling Studies

基　　金：湖南省“十四五”教育科学研究2022年度重点课题“我国教育法法典化的模式选择与规范配置研究”(XJK22ZDJD07)。

摘　　要：《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》将教育惩戒实施纳入法律轨道,这意味着教育惩戒实施行为应当接受司法的合法性审查。然而,教育惩戒合法性要件存在实施主体责任不明,实施依据定位模糊,实施程序难以规范化以及实施措施合法性边界不明等问题。为此,应将教育惩戒纳入行政法律关系。在惩戒主体方面,将教师和学校主体责任定性为行政责任。在惩戒依据方面,为纾解教育惩戒的场景性与规范性之间的张力,一方面法律应遵循授权明确性原则,另一方面应通过制定校规明确教育惩戒实施的情形、程序与措施。在惩戒程序方面,将惩戒措施分为影响学生在学关系与非影响学生在学关系两类。对于前者,应适用正当程序原则予以补充性适用;对于后者,应适用校规制定的规范性程序。在惩戒措施方面,从反面应由法律规范界定体罚性事项,从正面应适用比例原则作为惩戒措施的合法性标准。另外,应在立法与司法两个维度完善教育惩戒的合法性要件。The Rules for Punishment in Primary and Secondary Education(Trial)put the implementation of education punishment into the legal track,which means that the implementation of education punishment should be subject to judicial legitimacy review.However,the legal requirements of educational punishment have some problems,such as unclear responsibility of the implementor,fuzzy positioning of the basis for implementation,difficult standardization of implementation procedures and unclear boundary of the legality of implementation measures.Therefore,educational punishment should be incorporated into administrative legal relations,and the responsibility of teachers and schools should be characterized as administrative responsibility in terms of implementation subjects.In terms of implementation basis,in order to ease the tension between the scene and standardization of educational punishment,on the one hand,the law should follow the principle of clarity of authorization,and on the other hand,the circumstances,procedures and measures for the implementation of educational punishment should be clarified through the formulation of school rules.In terms of implementation procedures,disciplinary measures are divided into two types of measures affecting students'learning relationship and non-affecting students'learning relationship.For the former,the principle of due process should be applied in a supplementary manner,while for the latter,the normative procedures formulated by school regulations should be applied.In terms of implementation measures,corporal punishment should be defined by legal norms from the negative side,and proportionality principle should be applied as the legitimacy standard of disciplinary measures from the positive side.In addition,we should improve the legal requirements of educational punishment in two dimensions:legislation and judicature.

关 键 词：教育惩戒 行政法律关系 规范性 场景性 合法性要件 

分 类 号：G40-011.8[文化科学—教育学原理]