阿多尔诺对康德的智性概念的批判性重构  

Adorno's Critical Reconstruction of Kant's Concept of Intelligibility

作　　者：王凤才[1] 宋琳琅 Wang Fengcai;Song Linlang

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《世界哲学》2024年第4期24-35,160,F0003,共14页World Philosophy

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“21世纪世界马克思主义语境中辩证法的新阐释”(项目编号:22JJD710004);复旦大学一流培优行动支持专项课题“中国当代哲学话语自主创新语境中《否定辩证法》的新阐释”(项目编号:IDH3155074/015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：由于将智性特征类比为自在之物,康德的智性概念就变成了指向同一性的超越性概念。智性的超越性是为了实现智性世界对感性世界的支配,并使得这两个貌似断裂的世界在这种支配关系中最终走向同一。阿多尔诺认为,这个类比尽管在现实中获得了成功,但在理论上是经不起推敲的。之所以如此,原因就在于,智性概念的合法性与强制性特征正是对社会法则的合法性与强制性的复刻,它反映出社会对个体由内而外的全面支配。为了让个体意识到这种全面支配,进而改变这种全面支配的局面,阿多尔诺对康德的智性概念进行了三方面重构,即从奠基的智性到被建构的智性、从强制的智性到否定的智性、从辩护的智性到批判的智性,这在一定程度上克服了康德智性概念的窘境。然而,经过阿多尔诺重构的智性概念,除了强调智性的被建构性、否定性、批判性之外,并没有给出任何肯定性的界定,也没有真正解决智性世界与经验世界的关系问题。从根本上说,这是由阿多尔诺的否定辩证法立场决定的。Due to the analogy of intelligible character to“things in themselves”,Kant's concept of intelligibility becomes a transcendent concept pointing towards identity.The transcendence of intelligibility is aimed at achieving the domination of the intelligible world over the sensible world,and ultimately leading these two seemingly seperated worlds towards unity in this relationship of domination.In Adorno's view,although this analogy has been successful in reality,it cannot withstand scrutiny in theory.The reason for this is that the legitimacy and coerciveness of the concept of intelligibility are a replication of the legitimacy and coerciveness of social laws,reflecting society's total domination over individuals from inside to outside.In order to make individuals aware of this total domination and then change the situation of this total domination,Adorno reconstructed Kant's concept of intelligibility in three aspects:from the foundational intelligibility to the constructed intelligibility,from the coercive intelligibility to the negative intelligibility,and from the defensive intelligibility to the critical intelligibility.This to some extent overcame Kant's dilemma of the concept of intelligibility.However,the concept of intelligibility reconstructed by Adorno,apart from emphasizing the constructiveness,negativity,and criticality of intelligibility,does not provide any positive definition,nor does it truly solve the problem of the relationship between the intelligible world and the sensible world.Fundamentally speaking,this is determined by Adorno's standpoint of negative dialectics.

关 键 词：阿多尔诺 康德 智性特征 自在之物 道德法则 

分 类 号：B516.7[哲学宗教—外国哲学]