老子的“复德”国家观  

Lao-Tzu’s State Concept of“Restoring Te”

作　　者：张建军 田丰赫 ZHANG Jianjun;TIAN Fenghe(School of Law,Politics and Public Administration,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050000,China)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学法政与公共管理学院,河北石家庄050000

出　　处：《燕山大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期16-22,共7页Journal of Yanshan University:Philosophy and Social Science

基　　金：2021年国家社科基金一般项目“多维视域下的中国政治思想溯源研究”(21BZZ038)。

摘　　要：“国家”是政治哲学的重要范畴与核心话题之一。早在春秋战国,诸子百家就对理想国进行了畅想。其中,道家老子对“国家”亦有着深刻的论述。虽然老子推崇以“有道”为主要特征的自然状态,但其对国家亦有一定的思考。在老子看来,国家如若有存在的合法性,也应源于“道生之,德蓄之”自然而然的发展。然而,现实的国家均是对“道”的反动。由此,老子提出了以“复德”为核心的政治思想。“复德”即恢复至“有德”的时代,在其看来,国家存在的价值应在于辅民“自化”“自正”“自富”“自朴”。在老子的理想国中,“小国寡民”是理想的国家形态,无为政治是“复德”的理想政治实践。为了将理想国变为现实,老子提出了“善行,无辙迹”式的内部改造观以及“以德观德”的和平外交理念。但令人遗憾的是,老子也将善治的实现寄托于圣人,因而未能跳脱出君主专制的桎梏。In Lao-Tzu’s view,legitimacy of a state,if it exists at all,should also come from the natural development that“Tao begets all things and Te nourishes them”.However,all the real states were reactionary to“Tao”.Thus,Lao-Tzu put forward a political thought centered on“restoring Te”.“Restoring Te”is restoring to the era of“Te”.In his view,the value of national existence should lie in helping people to be“selfcultivated”,“self-righteous”,“self-enriching”and“self-simple”.In Lao-Tzu’s Utopia,“a small state with few people”is an ideal state form and the small government is an ideal political practice of“restoring Te”.In order to turn the Utopia into reality,Lao-Tzu put forward the internal transformation notion in the style of“good deeds,no traces”and the peaceful diplomatic concept in the style of“observing Te through Te”.Regrettably,however,Lao-Tzu also placed the realization of good governance in the hands of sages,and thus failed to break away from the shackles of absolute monarchy.

关 键 词：老子 道 小国寡民 无为而治 理想国 

分 类 号：D031[政治法律—政治学]