人性与政治关系的古今之变——以性善论与性不定论为视角  

The Change of Ancient and Modern in the Relationship Between Human Nature and Politics--From the Perspective of the Theory of Good Nature and That of Indeterminacy Nature

作　　者：李涛[1] Li Tao

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学哲学院暨实践哲学研究中心,北京102488

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期22-33,228,229,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金青年学术带头人项目“亚里士多德的美德政治学研究”。

摘　　要：讨论人性与政治(或制度)的关系问题,需要放在古今之变的视域之下,也不能只停留在人性善或人性恶的层次,而需要深入到人性或灵魂的层次,探讨究竟是哪个部分在主导实践行为中的善与恶。从柏拉图、亚里士多德到洛克、休谟等,讨论人性与政治的关系都是深入到灵魂的讨论之中。古代政治的灵魂基础是理性,其人性论是性善论;现代政治的灵魂基础是意志,但接受理性向善的约束,其人性论是性善论约束下的性不定论。性善或理性的表现是美德,古代政治是一种美德政治或贤人政治;性不定向或意志的表现是自由或权利,现代政治是一种法权政治或契约政治。无论是古代追求的自然的、普遍的善,还是现代追求的个人选择的、各不相同的善,只有性善论才能建立政治秩序。现代政治并非基于性恶论,而是允许个人自由地追求自己认为的善。在不同人性理论之下审视政治状态,才能既不过分地高扬古代美德政治,也不简单地将现代政治贬低为无规范性的。The discussion of the relationship between human nature and politics(or institution)needs to be placed in the perspective of the change of ancient and modern.It should not only stays at the level of good nature or evil nature,but also needs to go into the level of which part of human nature or soul is guiding the good and evil.From Plato and Aristotle to Locke and Hume,the discussion of the relationship between human nature and politics is carried deeply into the discussion of the soul.The soul foundation of ancient politics is rationality,and its theory of human nature is the theory of good nature.The soul foundation of modern politics is will,but it accepts the constraint of rational goodness,and thus its theory of human nature is the theory of indeterminacy nature under the constraint of good nature.The manifestation of good nature or reason is virtue,so ancient politics is a kind of virtuous politics or sage politics.The manifestation of indeterminacy nature or will is freedom or right,and thus modern politics is a kind of legal politics or contractual politics.Whether the ancient pursuit of natural and universal good,or the modern pursuit of individual choice of different good,only the theory of good nature can establish political order.Modern politics is not based on the theory of evil nature,but allowing individuals to have the freedom to pursue what they think is good.Only by examining the political state under different theories of human nature,can we neither excessively exalt the ancient politics of virtue nor simply discount modern politics as non-normative.

关 键 词：人性 政治 性善论 性不定论 古今之变 

分 类 号：B82-061[哲学宗教—伦理学] D0[政治法律—政治学]