主敬与中和:儒家治道思想的根基  

Respectfulness and Harmony: The Foundation of Confucianism's Education Thought

作　　者：蔡杰[1] Cai Jie

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心、儒学高等研究院

出　　处：《中国文化与管理》2024年第1期201-213,275,276,共15页Chinese Culture and Management

基　　金：山东省社会科学规划研究项目“《知言》《学言》校注”(项目编号:22CWTJ73);国家“十三五”重点文化工程“全球汉籍合璧工程”项目子课题“张岳《恭敬大训》笺注”(项目编号:HBZ202207)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：儒家的“中和”观念并不局限于心性范围,还可以从治道的角度进行理解。“中和”的形式与目的根植于人性之中,但由于生命的形态最初不是现成饱满的,因而需要通过教化加以实现。根据《孝经》的记载,孔子主张通过礼乐形式使社会有序运作,调节天下百姓的性情,使之和睦而不生怨气,从而维持社会的“中和”形态。从礼乐到“中和”,是以人伦作为勾连,根源在于使民众在伦理生活中产生爱敬之心。爱敬是礼乐的实质内涵,也是施行礼乐的目的所在。爱敬观念背后有一个逻辑圆环:一方面,敬身的实质是敬亲,敬亲的渊源可以追溯到敬天;另一方面,敬身向外推扩是从父母开始,由近及远至全天下的范围,这一逻辑圆环构成了天人系统的顺畅运行。施教者通过推扩爱敬,向百姓教敬教爱,引导与发掘民众本性中的爱敬潜质,使之在亲子关系中实现出来,由此维持天人系统的“中和”形态。The Confucian concept of harmony,not limited to the realm of human mind,can be understood from the perspective of education.The form and purpose of“harmony,”though rooted in human nature,should be achieved through education because the form of life is not initially ready-made and full.According to the Book of Filial Piety,Confucius advocated for the orderly operation of society through ritual and music,regulating the temperament of the people of the world,making them harmonious without resentment,and thus maintaining the harmony of the society.The transition from ritual and music to“harmony”is linked by human ethics and is rooted in people's sense of love and respect in ethical life,which are the essential connotations and destination of ritual and music.The logical behind the concept of love and respect is that:on the one hand,the essence of self-respect is respecting one's family,which,can be traced back to respecting heaven;on the other hand,self-respect starts from parents and extends from the near to the distant to the entire world.Such logical circle constitutes the smooth operation of the heaven-human system.The educators teach and promote are and respect,thus guide and explore their potential in people's the nature and realize them in parent-child relationships,thereby maintaining the“harmony”of the heaven-human system.

关 键 词：中和 教化 礼乐 爱敬 天人 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B82-0