《说文解字》的“字用”思想发微  

Discussion on Thought of“Use of Characters”in Shuo Wen Jie Zi

作　　者：李运富[1,2] LI Yunfu(Collaborative Innovation Centre for Ancient Chinese Characters and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project(Zhengzhou University),Zhengzhou 450000,China;Centre for Inheritance,Communication and Education of Chinese Character Civilization of State Language Commission(Zhengzhou University),Zhengzhou 450000,China)

机构地区：[1]“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台(郑州大学),河南郑州450000 [2]国家语委科研基地汉字文明传承传播与教育研究中心(郑州大学),河南郑州450000

出　　处：《井冈山大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期72-81,共10页Journal of Jinggangshan University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“清代《说文》学新材料的普查、整理和研究”(项目编号:21&ZD299);河南省高校中华优秀传统文化传承发展专项课题“汉字与中华文明”(项目编号:2023-WHZD-01)。

摘　　要：《说文解字》(简称《说文》)通常被看作“形”书,其说解汉字的方法及对汉字的具体解析得到学史肯定。本文认为,《说文》还有重要的字用学价值,其“字用”思想可以从《说文·叙》和《说文》正文对字的解释两个方面考察。在《说文·叙》中,许慎揭示了“假借”之“依声托事”的用字实质;用“古文”泛指古代文字,表面上是字体概念,实际上指的是古文字的结构和古文献中的用字;许慎对文字的定义和文字功能的表述体现了职用实质;许慎对时人谬解文字的批评,对《说文》编撰目的和编撰原则的说明也都是从文字使用角度表述的。《说文》正文对每个字的解说首重意义,形体分析只是对意义的印证;《说文》解说中常用“古文以为某”来揭示古代不同于汉代的用字现象;《说文》的“重文”如“古文作某”“某古文”等也是就字的功能而言;“一曰”的说解则反映了同字异用现象;《说文》还常引用书例来证明字义。这些都说明《说文》从服务解读经书的目的出发,非常重视汉字的使用功能,多方面揭示了汉语字词的各种关系。Shuo Wen Jie Zi说文解字(for short,Shuowen说文)is usually regarded as a book for“analyzing the structure of Chinese characters”,whose method of explaining Chinese characters and concrete analysis have been affirmed by academic history.This thesis believes that Shuowen was endowed with important pragmatic value,whose thought of“Chinese characters pragmatic”can be investigated from two aspects,i.e.Shuowen Xu说文·叙and interpretation of characters in the text of and Shuowen.In Shuowen Xu,Xu Shen reveals the essence of using characters in“Jiajie假借”with“relying on pronunciation to explain things”and the use of“ancient writing古文”as ancient characters,which represented a concept of form on the surface,but actually refers to the structure of ancient characters and the characters usage in ancient documents.Xu Shen's definition of Chinese characters and the expression of the Chinese characters functions reflected the essence of Chinese characters usages.His criticism of misinterpretation of Chinese characters and explanation of the compiling purpose and principles of Shuowen are also reflected from the perspective of the use of characters.The explanation of each character in Shuowen focuses on the meaning,whose structure analysis is only the confirmation of the meaning;the“variant characters重文”in Shuowen,e.g.“ancient writing古文作某”and“some ancient writing某古文”,is also in terms of the function of characters;“Yi Yue一曰”reflected the phenomenon of different uses of the same character.Shuowen often cited books to prove the meaning of characters.All these showed that Shuo Wen Jie Zi attaches great importance to the use function of Chinese characters from the purpose of serving the interpretation of Confucian classics,and revealed various relations of Chinese characters in many aspects.

关 键 词：《说文解字》 汉字职用 字词关系 字用思想 

分 类 号：H161[语言文字—汉语]