儿童程序公平的发展特点及其内在机制  

Development of Children's Procedural Fairness and Its Internal Mechanisms

作　　者：徐晓惠 徐敏[1] 张耀华[1] 张明浩[1] Xu Xiaohui;Xu Min;Zhang Yaohua;Zhang Minghao(School of Educational Science,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Mental Health of Youth from the Era of Conversion of New and Old Kinetic Energy along the Yellow River Basin,Ludong University,Yantai,264025)

机构地区：[1]鲁东大学教育科学学院,新旧动能转换与黄河流域青少年心理健康协同创新中心,烟台264025

出　　处：《心理科学》2024年第4期829-837,共9页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(23YJC880119)的资助。

摘　　要：程序公平是指决定分配的过程是否公平。已有研究使用资源分配范式,考察儿童的程序公平判断与程序公平行为的发展特点,发现程序公平判断在生命早期就已出现,幼儿能主动使用公平程序分配资源。然而,当公平程序与自身利益相冲突时,儿童仍然比较利己,出现程序公平的认知-行为差距。不偏袒公平理论和同等尊重理论可以解释儿童偏好程序公平的原因及儿童程序公平的发展特点。未来研究应侧重揭示儿童程序公平的发展轨迹并探讨其影响因素,增强儿童程序公平判断与程序公平行为发展同步性的实践探索,并验证不同理论观点的相对正确性。In the past decades,researchers payed primary attention to distributive fairness,and they found that children prefer distributive fairness.However,it is unknown that whether children also prefer procedural fairness.Procedural fairness refers to whether the methods,mechanisms,and processes that determine the outcome are fair.Researchers often ask children to use"procedures"to allocate resources,such as spinning a wheel,tossing a coin,rolling a die,rotating an order,etc.These fair procedures share two important characteristics:randomness of outcome and equality of opportunity.Research has found that infants already possess sensitivity of procedural fairness,and children aged 3 to 5 were able to accurately judge whether an allocation procedure is fair and would protest against unfair procedures.As they grow,children demonstrate more mature procedural fairness behavior.However,children are not always able to follow procedural fairness norms to guide their distributive behavior,which refers to cognition-behavior gap.That is,the development of children's procedural behavior lags behind their perception of procedural fairness.For example,it has been found that children aged 4 to 6 prefer unfair procedures that are favorable to themselves.It is not until around 8 years old that children can reject unfair procedures in their favor.Impartiality Account of Fairness and Fairness as Equal Respect have usually been used to explain the development characteristics of children's procedural fairness.The former theory suggests that fairness functions to signal the fair individual's impartiality to others,aimed to build a good reputation for the divider.It has been found that,as children grow,they become increasingly concerned whether they are impartial and try to build a reputation for pro-sociality within their peer group.For example,children aged 7 to 9 are more likely to allocate resources by flipping a coin than those aged 4 to 6 because they are worried about their reputation being damaged.Impartiality has two forms:first,when

关 键 词：程序公平 分配公平 不偏袒公平理论 同等尊重理论 儿童 

分 类 号：B844.1[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学] C913.5[哲学宗教—心理学]