当代西方社会科学方法论的十种范式及其关系探讨  

Inquiry into the Ten Paradigms of Contemporary Western Social Science Methodology and Their Relations

作　　者：张庆熊[1] Zhang Qingxiong(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期29-40,共12页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：2017年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“当代国外社会科学方法论新形态及中国化研究”(项目批准号:17JZD041)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我们要在新时代继承和发展马克思主义的社会科学方法论,就需要全面了解和批判地分析当代西方社会科学方法论的新形态。当代西方社会科学方法论呈现多种多样的形态。其中实证主义、实用主义、分析哲学、理性选择方法、冲突理论、诠释学、现象学、结构主义、后现代主义、社会批判理论的影响较大,并呈现各自典型特征,因而堪称十种主要的形态或范式。它们互相间的争辩涉及说明与诠释、事实与价值、规律与规范、必然与自由、决定论与非决定论、一元与多元、整体论与个体论、定量与定性等众多问题域。在这十种范式中可大致分为两大系列,前五种形成一大系列,后五种形成另一大系列。前五种主要在英美世界流行,强调社会科学的“说明”和“预测”的科学性质;后五种主要在德法等欧洲大陆国家流行,主要强调意义理解和社会批判在人类生活和社会发展中的独特地位和关键作用。本文力求对纷繁多样的西方社会科学方法论的新形态做一个精简的概述,以便集中呈现它们的要点和相互之间的关系,为在马克思主义社会科学方法论的指导下对这些西方社会科学方法论的中国式创造性转化研究铺路。Society is developing,and so is the methodology of social science.Contemporary western social science methodology presents a variety of new forms.Among them,positivism,pragmatism,analytic philosophy,rational choice method,conflict theory,hermeneutics,phenomenology,structuralism,postmodernism and social critical theory have great influence and present their own typical characteristics,so they can be called 10 main forms or paradigms.The debates between them involve many problems such as explanation and interpretation,fact and value,law and norm,necessity and freedom,determinism and non-determinism,monism and pluralism,quantitative and qualitative.These 10 paradigms can be roughly divided into two series:the first five form a series,and the last five form another series.The first five are mainly popular in the Anglo-American world,emphasizing the scientific nature of the social sciences'"explaining"and"predicting";The latter five are mainly popular in Germany and France and other continental European countries,and mainly emphasize the unique status and key role of meaning understanding and social criticism in human life and social development.In order to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind,we need to seriously study these new forms of Western social science methodology.This paper tries to make a brief overview of the various new forms of Western social science methodology,in order to focus on their main points and the relationships between them,and to pave the way for the creative transformation of Western social science methodology in Chinese style.

关 键 词：社会科学 方法论 新形态 范式 

分 类 号：B026[哲学宗教—哲学理论] C1[社会学]