从《中庸》看中国文化的宗教性和超越性  

The Religiousness and Transcendence of Chinese Culture in Focusing the Familiar(Zhongyong)

作　　者：温海明[1,2] WEN Haiming

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872 [2]尼山世界儒学中心

出　　处：《孔子研究》2024年第4期30-37,157,共9页Confucius Studies

摘　　要：虽然《中庸》有很强的哲理性,但学界关于《中庸》的研究较少触及祖先崇拜和天地意识,即对其体现的中国文化宗教性和超越性挖掘不够。《中庸》之“诚”不仅是个人信念和意识的真诚,而且是“诚”于祖先、祖宗与天地的和谐状态之中。作为《中庸》哲理的核心概念,“祖天之意”中的祖天由祖(先)而天(地),不是天祖,不是人格神。祖天虽然不具有西方犹太—基督教意义上的人格性,但在中国文化当中有着同样强大的宗教性和超越性,此可通过经典当中对“天命”的揭示而彰显出来。历史上,祖天意识逐渐演变成为中华民族的日常信仰,这一点在海外华人建立孔教、儒教和维系文化中国等宗教情感当中体现较为明显。祖天之意既是对着过去祖先的崇拜意识,也是对着未来开放的生存意识,因为海外华人的人生不仅生活在日常、庸常的家庭当中,而且时刻与祖先和天地同在。虽然祖天意识是源远流长的中国哲学意识,但其哲学与宗教意味需要迂回到与西方哲学及宗教意识的比较视域当中才能建构起来。Although the “Focusing the Familiar(Zhongyong)” has a strong philosophical nature,academic research on the Zhongyong rarely touches on ancestor worship and the consciousness of heaven and earth,that is,the religious and transcendent nature of Chinese culture it embodies is not sufficiently explored.This article believes that “cheng(creativity/sincerity)” in the Zhongyong is not only the sincerity of personal beliefs and consciousness,but also “sincerity” in the harmonious state of ancestors,ancestors and heaven and earth,and proposes “the intentionality of ancestors and heaven” as the philosophical basis of the Zhongyong as the core idea.The ancestral-heaven(Zu Tian) comes from the ancestors and the heavens-and-earth,not the heavenly ancestors,nor the personal gods.Although ancestral-heaven(Zu Tian) does not have personality in the Western Judeo-Christian sense,it has the same strong religious and transcendent character in Chinese culture,which is revealed through the revelation of “destiny(ming)” in the classics.Historically,the consciousness of ancestral heaven has gradually evolved into the daily belief of the Chinese.This is more obvious in the religious sentiments of overseas Chinese in establishing Confucianism,promoting Confucianism and maintaining cultural China.The meaning of ancestral-heaven is not only the consciousness of worshiping ancestors in the past,but also the consciousness of survival that is open to the future,because Chinese people not only live in daily and ordinary families,but also live with their ancestors and heaven and earth at all times.Although ancestral-heaven(Zu-tian) consciousness is a Chinese philosophical consciousness with a long history,its philosophical and religious implications need to be constructed through a comparative perspective with Western philosophy and religious consciousness.

关 键 词：《中庸》 中国文化 宗教性 超越性 祖天之意 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]