形神审美关系的哲学基础——以老子“有”“无”之论为源点  

The Philosophical Basis of the Aesthetic Relationship between Form and Spirit:Based on Laozi's Thoughts of“Being”and“Non-Being”

作　　者：谭真谛 TAN Zhendi(Digital Media Academy,Chongqing Polytechnic University of Electronic Technology,Chongqing,China 401331)

机构地区：[1]重庆电子科技职业大学数字媒体学院,重庆401331

出　　处：《昆明学院学报》2024年第4期63-68,共6页Journal of Kunming University

基　　金：重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学研究项目“先秦‘形神如一’身体观念的美学意义及当代价值研究”(22SKGH556);重庆市教育科学规划课题“‘诗意理性’视域下新时代职业院校美育实施困境与创新实践”(K22YY309704);重庆市职业教育教学改革研究项目“‘弘扬中华优秀传统文化’背景下新时代高职美育课程改革创新研究与实践”(GZ223057)。

摘　　要：“形”“神”是中国古典美学史上的一组重要概念,属于艺术辩证法范畴。透过爬梳和理析“形”“神”相关文献回溯二者关系源头,无疑有益于把握中华美学精神中重“神”而甚于重“形”的传统审美观。对此问题,学界普遍基于道家之于中国古典哲学的主干性地位,将其源头定位于道家庄子。然则,透过文献分析老庄思想联系可以发现,《老子》一书中虽无明确的“形”“神”关系之论,但基于其“道”“器”关系认识生成的“有”“无”辩证关系讨论,潜在生成了形神关系的哲学基础。其中,“有”是对“器”的描述,可与“形”对应,指事物外在有形存在;“无”是对“道”的描述,可与“神”对应,指内在观念的非形在特征。进一步来说,通过老子提出的“有生于无”,进而导出中国古代偏好“神”美的文艺观念。同时,透过“有无相生”指出“有”“无”皆本于“道”的天然同质性,建立起具有诗性哲学精神的形神一体观雏形,并对后世文艺追求“形神兼备”产生了重要影响。“Form”and“spirit”are a set of important concepts in the history of Chinese classical aesthetics,belonging to the category of artistic dialectics.Tracing the origin of the relationship between“form”and“spirit”through sorting and analyzing relevant literature is undoubtedly beneficial for grasping the traditional aesthetic concept that emphasizes“spirit”over“form”in the spirit of Chinese aesthetics.Regarding this issue,the academic community generally positions Taoism as the backbone of Chinese classical philosophy,and positions its origin in Zhuangzi of Taoism.However,according to the literary analysis of the thoughts from Laozi and Zhuangzi,it can be found that although there is no clear theory of the relationship between“form”and“spirit”in the book Laozi,the dialectical discussion of“being”and“non-being”based on its understanding of the relationship between“Tao”and“Qi”has potentially generated a philosophical foundation for the relationship between“form”and“spirit”.Among them,“being”is the description of“Qi”,which can correspond to“form”,referring to the external physical existence of things;“non-being”is the description of“Tao”,which corresponds to“spirit”,it refers to the non metaphysical feature of internal concept.Furthermore,Laozi took the idea that“being comes from non-being”,which undoubtedly leads to the creation of aesthetic idea that later generations prefer the beauty of“spirit”in the concept of literature and art.Simultaneously,Laozi proposed that the concept that“being and non being interdepend in growth”indicates that“being”and“non-being”are based on the natural homogeneity of“Tao”.Thus,the prototype of the concept of the unity of form and spirit with poetic philosophy spirit was established,and had an important influence on the later literature and art to strive for“the integration of form and spirit”.

关 键 词：形神关系 哲学基础 老子 有无之论 

分 类 号：B21[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B83-06