荀子人性论平议——由“秩序”视域与“正名”方法而论  

A Discussion of Xunzi’s Theory on Human Nature:in the Perspective of“Order”and the Method of“Rectification of Names”

作　　者：王玉彬[1] Wang Yubin

机构地区：[1]山东大学易学与中国古代哲学研究中心暨哲学与社会发展学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第4期79-88,166,共11页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：荀子关于人性问题的思考,以“秩序”为思考视域,以“正名”为理论方法。在还原“公共秩序”视域的基础上运用“正名”方法,堪称探究荀子人性观念的内在要求。在荀子那里,“性”有“本然之性”“自然之欲”两种内涵,“伪”有“知虑之伪”“能动之伪”“行成之伪”三层意蕴。所谓“善”,指在平正的公共秩序这一“根本善”情境中,人之“自然之欲”得到满足的“基础善”,以及“义”之独特价值获得实现的“究竟善”;与之相应,“恶”指的是在混乱的公共秩序这一“根本恶”情境中,人之“自然之欲”无法得到满足的“基础恶”,以及“义”之独特价值无法开显的“究竟恶”。与之相应,“性恶”可从三个方面得到解释:“根本恶”由“性”之流弊推衍而来,“基础恶”道明的是“性”之无法自治,“究竟恶”意味着“性”对“究竟善”的全然遮蔽。在荀子那里,“礼义之善”源自圣王“道心”的考量与筹划,并通过“教化”而归于常人“智心”的理解与认可。总之,在荀子那里,“心”为良善的公共秩序的建构以及符合礼制、追求道义的个人生活的达成奠定了基础,堪称其人文理想中融通性伪、沟通圣凡、贯通始终的枢纽。Xunzi's thinking on the problem of human nature is based on the perspective of“order”and the method of“rectification of names”.Therefore,restoring the vision of“order”and using the method of“rectification of names”is the most reasonable way to study Xunzi's theory of human nature.In Xunzi,human nature has two connotations:natural nature and natural desires.“Human modification”has three meanings:awareness,action,and result.The so-called“goodness”refers to the“basic goodness”in which people's natural desires are satisfied in the context of the“fundamental good”of just public order,and the“ultimate goodness”in which the unique value of righteousness is realized.Correspondingly,“evil”refers to the basic evil in which people's natural desires cannot be satisfied in the context of the“fundamental evil”of chaotic public order,and the“ultimate evil”in which the unique value of“righteousness”cannot be revealed.Correspondingly,“evil based on human nature”can be explained from three aspects:“fundamental evil”is derived from the evils of human nature,“basic evil”shows that human nature cannot restrain itself,and“ultimate evil”means that human nature obscures“ultimate good”.In Xunzi,the“fundamental goodness”comes from the moral heart of the sage,and through education,it is understood and recognized by the wisdom in ordinary people's heart.In short,the“heart”in Xunzi lays the foundation for the construction of public order and the achievement of a good personal life.

关 键 词：荀子 性恶 伪善 礼义 心 

分 类 号：B82-061[哲学宗教—伦理学] B222.6