缺席但在场:清代闺秀诗歌中的科举书写  

Absent yet Present:Women's Poetry on the Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：谢冰青 XIE Bingqing(Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏大学,江苏镇江212013

出　　处：《中国考试》2024年第9期95-102,共8页journal of China Examinations

基　　金：国家社会科学基金2021年重大项目“中国历代书院文学活动编年史”(21&ZD253)。

摘　　要：研读清代闺秀的诗歌可以发现,女性在科举中呈现了缺席但在场的状态。首先,闺秀是科举文化再生产的直接参与者,她们内化了官方的科举文化观念,对男子应考多有督促;她们也是科举政治与社会再生产的间接受众,因性别身份限制深感才华之累与家计之难。其次,闺秀的文学创作表明她们承担了为应考男性亲属提供情绪抚慰的责任,社会文化规训与家庭性别分工影响了她们的言说策略。从试帖诗创作可见,闺秀将属于男性的功令文体为己所用,彰显自身性别意识。再次,在清代男性文人的凝视下,闺秀的文学创作被视为逃避科名压力、寄托个人理想的文化载体,但若借助女性的自主书写回眸凝视,则可见科举制度正是促进才女文化兴起的因素之一。最后,科举时代闺秀们面临的困境与展现的自主性,对于当下如何以教育进一步促进男女平等、推动妇女的全面发展仍有借鉴意义。This paper analyzes the poetic works created by women from literati families in the Qing Dynasty to shed light on the paradoxical presence women held within the imperial examination system.Firstly,it explores how women actively engaged with the cultural aspects of the imperial examination,internalizing its norms and values to influence men,while also being indirectly impacted by the system due to societal gender expectations and familial responsibilities.Secondly,this paradox is evident in their literary writings.The Luodi poetry,a genre primarily dedicated to individuals who failed imperial examinations,clearly illustrated women's emotional labor.Their discourse strategies were shaped by social-cultural norms and family gender dynamics.For instance,the Shitie poetry demonstrated how women appropriated the male-dominated examination genre to voice their gender perspectives.In the Qing Dynasty,women's literary works were perceived as an outlet to escape the pressures of the imperial examination and pursue personal aspirations.However,through women's writing,it was clear that the imperial examination contributed to an emerging culture of female scholarship.The challenges encountered by these women during this era continue to offer valuable insights into promoting gender equality through education,while fostering holistic development opportunities for contemporary women.

关 键 词：科举再生产 情绪劳动 试帖诗 才女文化 

分 类 号：G405[文化科学—教育学原理]