“面向苦难”的“经验”——论阿多尔诺否定辩证法的存在论境域  

"Experience"of"Facing Suffering":On the Ontological Context of Adorno's Negative Dialectics

作　　者：夏巍 莫颖骞 Xia Wei;Mo Yingqian

机构地区：[1]复旦大学马克思主义学院,上海200433

出　　处：《南京社会科学》2024年第8期29-38,共10页Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想对唯物史观发展的原创性贡献研究”(22AKS001);中央社会主义学院统一战线高端智库重大项目“唯物史观视域下中国式现代化与西方现代化的文明观比较研究”(ZK202302105)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：阿多尔诺否定辩证法在马克思历史唯物主义影响下立足于“面向起源”的原则,以“经验”为核心概念敞开了一个非同一性的存在论境域,揭示出同一性思维和资本主义社会事实的原始根基。否定辩证法以回溯“经验”的方式探究主客体之间的关系问题,其中包含两层反思。在第一层反思中,阿多尔诺将同一却对立的主客体回溯至它们的原始根基,在此过程中否定辩证法存在论境域的具体内容得以呈现,即主客体之间具有原初的对象性关系并展现为精神与肉体相结合。在第二层反思中,阿多尔诺以痛苦为基底历史性地呈现“经验”,透过这一层反思可以看到否定辩证法的社会历史批判之所以能够面向社会历史的事情本身、解构资本主义社会事实,是因为它的存在论境域在其中起到了支撑性作用。从历史唯物主义存在论境域来看,否定辩证法离开了以同一性思维作为事情本身的理性形而上学根基而以“面向起源”的原则把握社会历史,但这一把握并未真正深入到历史的“本质”之中。Under the influence of Marx's historical materialism,Adorno's negative dialectics,based on the principle of"oriented to origin",opens up a non-identical ontological context with"experience"as the core concept,and reveals the original foundation of identity thinking and capitalist social facts.Negative dialectics explores the relationship between subject and object in the way of retrospection of"experience",which contains two levels of reflection.In the first level of reflection,Adorno traces the subject and object in the identical but opposite relationship back to their original foundation,and in this process the concrete content of ontological context of negative dialectics is presented,that is,there is the original objective relation between subject and object,and it shows the combination of spirit and body.In the second level of reflection,Adorno takes pain as the basis to present"experience"historically.Through this level of reflection,we can see that the reason why the social historical criticism of negative dialectics can be oriented to the social history itself and deconstruct the capitalist social facts is because its ontological context plays a supporting role in it.From the perspective of the ontological context of historical materialism,negative dialectics leaves the rational metaphysical foundation of identity thinking as the thing itself,and grasps social history with the principle of"oriented to the origin",but this grasp does not really go deep into the"essence"of history.

关 键 词：否定辩证法 经验 存在论 社会历史批判 

分 类 号：B516.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]