美国中小学生权利的司法保护模式与启示  

Judicial Protection Models and Implications for the Rights of American Primary and Secondary School Students

作　　者：安恒捷 闫波 AN Hengjie;YAN Bo(Shen Junru Law School,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou,311121,China;High People's Court of Sichuan Province,Chengdu,610036,China)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学沈钧儒法学院,杭州311121 [2]四川省高级人民法院,成都610036

出　　处：《全球教育展望》2024年第8期46-60,共15页Global Education

基　　金：中共浙江省委政法委员会浙江省法学会2024年度法学研究课题重点项目(项目编号:2024NB01);浙江省教育厅一般科研项目“‘双减’政策背景下的校外培训机构治理法治化研究”(项目编号:Y202250296);杭州师范大学科研启动项目“当代中国基层社会治理法治化研究”(项目编号:RWSK20211048)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：美国自1969年“廷克案”以来,在司法实践中逐渐形成了中小学生权利保护模式。司法机关有权审查学校决策是否侵犯学生权利,通过先例明确可以限缩学生权利的教育环境特点,包括学生年龄、义务教育强制性、学校的秩序和安全、学校为学生提供帮助、教育目的等,根据教育环境特点尊重学校在教学安排和维持纪律等方面的权威。我国中小学生权利的司法保护存在偏重学生生命健康权,忽视隐私权、参与权等其他权利,偏重学校安全保障义务,忽视教育环境特点的问题。因此,可以借鉴美国的司法保护模式,实现司法对中小学生权利的全面保护,并通过判例明确教育环境特点,以适当限缩学生权利。Since the landmark Case of“Tinker v.Des Moines Independent Community School District”in 1969,the USA has developed a model for protecting the rights of primary and secondary school students through judicial means.This model enables the judiciary to evaluate if school decisions encroach on students'rights.Precedents set in this model specify various factors,such as students'ages,mandatory education,school order and safety,the support schools offer,and the aims of education,which can potentially limit students'rights.These factors serve to uphold the school's authority in areas like educational planning and discipline.Contrarily,China's approach to protecting the rights of students in these age groups often overemphasizes physical health and safety rights,at the expense of rights like privacy and participation.It also tends to stress the school's responsibility for safety without considering the nuances of the educational environment.Thus,China can adopt aspects of the American judicial model for a more comprehensive protection of students'rights,including using case law to define educational context and appropriately restrict student rights when necessary.

关 键 词：学生权利 美国 司法保护 教育环境特点 

分 类 号：G639.712[文化科学—教育学] D971.2[政治法律—法学]