R-loop功能及应用前沿展望  

Functions and application prospects of R-loops

作　　者：苏思毅 徐莹莹 张丽媛 任捷 SU Siyi;U Yingying;ZHANG Liyuan;REN Jie(Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation,Science and Engineering,China National Center for Bioinformation,Beijing 100101,China;Beijing Institute of Genomics Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]核糖核酸功能与应用重点实验室,国家生物信息中心,北京100101 [2]中国科学院北京基因组研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《生命的化学》2024年第9期1667-1681,共15页Chemistry of Life

基　　金：中国科学院战略性先导B项目(XDB0570100);中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队项目(YSBR-076);国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0802202,2020YFA0803401);国家自然科学基金项目(32171446,32121001)。

摘　　要：R-loop是一种特殊的三链结构,由RNA侵入双链DNA形成,包括RNA-DNA杂交链和单链DNA。R-loop广泛存在于原核与真核生物的基因组中,参与调控基因转录、DNA复制和DNA损伤修复等多种生物学过程。然而,异常的R-loop形成和积累可能导致基因组不稳定,并与多种疾病发生相关。由于不同染色质环境下R-loop的差异性,区分和研究R-loop的类别变得复杂且具有挑战性。尽管已有研究揭示了R-loop的多功能性,但其形成机制和精细调控功能仍需进一步探讨。因此,本文围绕R-loop的类别、研究方法、功能及其应用前沿展开综述,旨在为该领域的研究提供新的见解和方向。R-loops,each composed of a DNA:RNA heteroduplex and a displaced single-stranded DNA,are prevalent genomic structures that play critical roles in a myriad of cellular processes,including transcription,DNA replication and epigenetic inheritance.However,these structures can also contribute to pathological states.Dysregulation of R-loops has been implicated in a range of disorders and diseases,including neurodegenerative disorders,cancer,and autoimmune diseases,emphasizing the need for their tight regulation.However,the precise mechanisms governing R-loop formation,stability,and resolution remain elusive,and the categorization of R-loop based on their chromatin context is yet to be fully established.Recent advancements have significantly expanded our knowledge of R-loops,revealing their diverse functions and the potential consequences of their dysregulation.In light of these advancements,this review aims to provide new insights and research directions by examining the categorization,methodologies,impacts of R-loops.By consolidating the current knowledge,this review seeks to enhance our understanding of R-loops and stimulate further investigations in this field.

关 键 词：R-loop RNA-DNA杂交链 DNA转录 DNA复制 基因组不稳定性 DNA损伤修复 疾病 

分 类 号：Q75[生物学—分子生物学]