区块链证据认证形式化问题及克服  

Formalization Problem and Solution of Blockchain Evidence Authentication

作　　者：陈永生[1] 苏泽琳 CHEN Yongsheng;SU Zelin(School of Law,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;School of Law,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871 [2]山西大学法学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《浙江工商大学学报》2024年第5期65-77,共13页Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“刑事法一体化背景下的轻罪诉讼体系构建研究”(19BFX103)。

摘　　要：区块链证据在司法实践中采信率极高,认证存在严重的形式化倾向,具体表现为:缺乏对取证程序合法性的审查,未区分数据层面的真实与内容层面的真实,对真实性的认证高度依赖第三方意见。认证形式化的成因主要有四个方面:一是误以为区块链证据的防篡改功能具有绝对性;二是混淆了区块链证据载体层面与内容层面的保真;三是误将司法联盟链等同于去中心化的公有链;四是忽视了不同种类区块链证据认证的差异。有鉴于此,有必要严格适用非法证据的排除规则与瑕疵证据的补正规则,明确鉴真规则、传闻规则、原件规则对不同种类区块链证据的区分适用,运用推定规则减轻对推断性事实的证明负担,完善专家辅助人制度以强化法官对区块链证据可靠性的判断能力。Blockchain evidence maintains a very high admissibility rate in judicial practice,but its authentication often exhibits serious formalistic tendencies.This is manifested in several ways:a lack of review on the legality of the evidence collection process,failure to distinguish between the authenticity of data and the authenticity of content,and a high reliance on third-party opinions for authentication.The causes of this formalism are mainly fourfold:first,the misconception of the tamper-proof function of blockchain evidence being absolute;second,the confusion between the fidelity of the blockchain evidence carrier and the content itself;third,the mistaken equivalence of judicial consortium chains with decentralized public chains;and fourth,the neglect of differences in the authentication of various types of blockchain evidence.Therefore,it is necessary to strictly apply the exclusionary rule for illegal evidence and the supplementation rule for defective evidence,clearly define the application of authenticity rules,hearsay rules,and original document rules to different types of blockchain evidence,use presumptive rules to reduce the burden of proof for inferential facts,and improve the expert assistance system to enhance judges ability to assess the reliability of blockchain evidence.

关 键 词：区块链证据 认证形式化 合法性 真实性 可靠性 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]