“古学—俗学—缪学”——钱谦益的“学”论及其诗学批评  

Ancient Learning,PopulaAncient Learning,Popular Learning and Spurious Learning:Qian Qianyi’s Theory of“Learning”and His Poetic Criticismr Learning and Spurious Learning:Qian Qianyi’sTheory of“Learning”and His Poetic

作　　者：丁一凡 DING Yi-fan(School of Chinese Languages and Literatures,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学文学院,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《兰州大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期130-142,共13页Journal of Lanzhou University（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“《列朝诗集》诗史建构研究”(23CZW024);兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目“《列朝诗集》诗学批评研究”(2023lzujbkybh003)。

摘　　要：作为承明启清的诗坛巨擘和杰出学者,钱谦益关于古典学术之发展演变的体认感知与理论建设独树一帜,且惯于从“学”的角度和层面阐发论述其文学思想。基于对时弊现状与早年经历的反思,钱谦益敏锐觉察到明代士人因科考和心学而逐渐败坏的学术风气和日益空疏的学问素养,创造性地拈出“俗学”概念并作诠释及批判。根柢于正统经史的“古学”历三变之后,堕落并衰败为当世之“俗学”,在此基础上钱谦益更进一步引入“缪学”之说,进而系统性地提出“古学—俗学—缪学”三级理论架构。钱氏诗学批评亦以其“学”之体系为理论前提及统摄线索而展开,他以如“嘉定四先生”、公安派、竟陵派等批评对象所接近“古学”“俗学”“缪学”的程度为参考标准进行相关剖析与界定,并借助《列朝诗集》的编纂及人物小传写作全方位展现晚明诗学谱系,勾勒相应的诗学发展脉络。Being a prominent poet and scholar bridging the Ming and Qing scholarship,Qian Qianyi had distinct cognition over classic scholarship and its evolution,and made theoretical explorations into them.He expounded his literary thoughts from the perspective of“learning”.By reflecting on the situations and his ear-ly experiences,he keenly perceived the declining scholarship and increasingly pointless academic achieve-ments of the Ming scholars due to the imperial examinations and the Learning of the Heart-and-Mind,and coined the concept of the Popular Learning,and interpreted and criticized it.He maintained that the Ancient Learning rooted in the Confucian classics and historical works had been transformed three times and degenerated into the Popular Learning.He further introduced the Spurious Learning,and then systemati-cally proposed a three-tier theoretical framework of Ancient Learning,Popular Learning and Spurious Learning.His poetic criticism was developed on the theoretical premise and guidelines of his system of“learning”.He used the proximity of criticism objects like the Four Scholars of Jiading,the Gong’an School,and the Jingling School to the three learnings as reference criteria for analyzing and defining scholarship.Additionally,by compiling the Lie Chao Shi Ji(《列朝诗集》)and writing biographical sketches,he compre-hensively summarized the lineage of the late Ming poetics and outlined its development sequences.

关 键 词：钱谦益 学问 明清学术 明诗 诗学批评 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]