从浑沌之境到礼法世界:先秦道家的秩序论  

The Order Theory of Pre Qin Taoism:From the Realm of Hundun to the World Regulated by Etiquette and Law

作　　者：陈徽[1] Chen Hui(Department of Philosophy,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学哲学系,上海200092

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期104-114,共11页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“道家政治哲学研究”(项目批准号:20BZX050)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在先秦道家关于世界秩序的思考中,浑沌概念可谓其逻辑起点。先秦道家将世界分为两种:浑沌之世和浑沌裂灭之世。浑沌之世(原始浑沌)是浑沌性、生生性与秩序性的自然统一,因而是无治之世,不存在有为或无为的问题。由于治者妄为,浑沌裂灭,万物朴散,世界遂亦失其自然的秩序。为对治此弊,使世界“复返”其浑沌状态,道家认为需要圣人应之而起,行无为之治。不过,关于如何理解无为,先秦道家也是存在思想差异的。在老子,其所谓无为多彰不为之义,圣人治下的浑沌也颇显浑然质朴之象;在庄子及其后学,其所谓无为既多述老子的不为之旨,也有伸张因应有为的一面,其所描述的混沌世界展现出万物各得其宜而优游自得的存在气象;至于黄老道家,其所谓无为虽尤彰因应之旨,但因其学的功利性特点以及时势所致,他们的至治理想已偏向于强调人君以礼法来统摄、规范万物。所以,尽管皆以“一”来指谓理想之治的一体性,老、庄之“一”尚不失万物存在的浑然性,黄老道家因为强调礼法秩序,其所谓的“一”则表现为天下礼法森严的一统性。In the pre-Qin Taoist thinking about the world order,the concept of hundun can be described as its logical starting point.Pre-Qin Taoism divided the world into two types:the world of hundun and the world of non-hundun.In the world of hundun(the primitive hundun),all things self-cultivated and coexisted harmoniously.Therefore,it was a world without governance,and there was no problem of youwei or wuwei.Due to the reckless actions of the rulers,the world of hundun disintegrated,and all things lost their simplicity,resulting in the world losing its natural order.In order to solve this problem and restore the world to its state of hundun,Taoism believed that it is necessary for the sage to govern by wuwei.However,there were also ideological differences in pre-Qin Taoism about how to understand wuwei.In Laozi's thought,the so-called wuwei mainly means inaction,and the world of hundun under the rule of saints is quite simple.In the thought of Zhuangzi school,the so-called wuwei has both the meaning of inaction and the connotation of yinying(to be conforming to do),and the world of hundun it describes shows the existence of everything in its proper place leisurely.As for Huanglao Taoism,although their so-called wuwei is mainly manifested in the meaning of yinying,due to the utilitarian characteristics of their studies and the situation at that time,their ideal of governance has been biased towards emphasizing that kings use etiquettes and laws to control and standardize everything.So,although“one”is used to refer to the unity of ideal governance,the“one”in Laozi and Zhuangzi'thoughts still retains the natural existence of all things,while the Huang-Lao Taoism emphasizes the order of etiquette and law,and its so-called“one”represents the unity of strict etiquette and law in the world.

关 键 词：先秦道家 秩序论 浑沌 无为 

分 类 号：B223[哲学宗教—中国哲学]