克尔凯郭尔的非理性问题与辩证法——寻求一种后黑格尔的诠释  

Kierkegaard's Problem of Irrationality and Dialectics:Toward a Post-Hegelian Interpretation

作　　者：陆心宇[1] LU Xin-yu(Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学,上海200433

出　　处：《云南大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期37-50,共14页The Journal of Yunnan University:Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：教育部重点研究基地(北京大学外国哲学研究所)重大项目“认知中的情感与理性研究”(项目号:22JJD720006);教育部人文社会科学青年项目“克尔凯郭尔的辩证法与个体性问题研究”(项目号:23YJC720010)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：克尔凯郭尔的非理性问题源于其以悖谬(det Paradokos)来描述信仰与知识之间的不可通约性,并由此延展至对黑格尔辩证法的批判性重估。在当代克尔凯郭尔诠释中,不同的诠释路径对此论题有不同的看法。宗教哲学的诠释把它理解为一种德尔图良式的信仰观,存在主义的诠释则把它读作对西方形而上学传统的尼采式重估,而道德哲学的诠释则倾向于把它解读为对康德式义务论的范式重构。在这些诠释中,克尔凯郭尔的非理性问题中的语境性因素,尤其是其对黑格尔哲学的关联,展现出不同程度的重要性。从批判理论的解读来看,这一语境性因素是诠释的关键所在,即把克尔凯郭尔式的悖谬当作一种后黑格尔的辩证法。本文试对上述四重诠释展开回顾,并重估克尔凯郭尔的辩证法中所蕴含的语境性因素的诠释学意义,尤其是克尔凯郭尔对黑格尔辩证法的关联。克尔凯郭尔的非理性问题的概念基础在于其针对黑格尔辩证法所提出的内在与外在之间的“质的差异性(qualitative Unterschied)”。然而,恰恰是这种对差异之绝对化的处理使得它尚不足以构成一种具有后形而上学视域的辩证法,而更像是一种回溯于形而上学起源的“前理性主义(ante-rationalism)”的观点。在此意义上,批判理论在后黑格尔视域中揭示出了在克尔凯郭尔的非理性问题中不可理性化的因素。Kierkegaard's problem of irrationalism is grounded in his description of the incommensurability between faith and knowledge with the concept of paradox(det Paradokos).In contemporary Kierkegaard criticism,different hermeneutic approaches offer diverse readings on this issue.Religious-philosophical scholars read it as a Tertullian vision of faith,existentialists read it as a Nietzschean reevaluation of the tradition of Western metaphysics,and moral philosophers read it as reconstructing the paradigm of Kantian deontology.In these interpretations,the contextual element in Kierkegaard's problem of irrationalism,especially its connection to Hegelian philosophy,demonstrates different weights.From the perspective of critical theory,the contextual element is the key to interpretation,namely to read Kierkegaardian paradox as a post-Hegelian dialectics.This paper reviews the above four readings and thereby reevaluates the hermeneutic significance of contextual factors,especially Kierkegaard's relation to Hegelian dialectics.In my understanding,the conceptual ground for Kierkegaard's irrationalism lies in the qualitative distinction(qualitative Unterschied)between interiority and exteriority,as opposed to Hegelian dialectics.However,it is exactly the absolutization of the distinction that limits its possibility to be a post-metaphysical dialectics and renders it as a regressive metaphysical standpoint of“ante-rationalism”.In this sense,the scope of critical theory reveals the unrationalizable aspect in Kierkegaard's problem of irrationalism.

关 键 词：克尔凯郭尔 内在性与外在性 质的差异性 质的辩证法 

分 类 号：B516.39[哲学宗教—外国哲学]