孟子“井地”非三代井田,而是为滕国设计的土地制度——一个误读的仁政理想  

Mencius'"Jingdi"is not the Three-dynasties’Jingtian,but a Field System Designed for the Teng State—A misreading of the ideal of Benevolent Governance

作　　者：梁涛[1] LIANG Tao

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院,北京100872

出　　处：《孔子研究》2024年第5期5-17,157,共14页Confucius Studies

基　　金：教育部“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”规划项目“出土文献与荀子哲学思想研究”(项目编号:G3620);中国人民大学校内重大项目“出土文献与新编中国哲学史(先秦卷)”(项目编号:23XNL006)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《孟子》一书所言“井地”并非如赵岐、朱熹以来所理解的“古井田之法”,而是为滕国设计的土地制度。“井地”为动宾词组,井是动词,指划分田界,形成方形或长方形的面积,地指土地。“井地”意同于“井衍沃”“井牧其田野”,指给土地划分田界;“井地”也可以做名词,指划分田界后的土地。从“请野九一而助”可知,孟子的“井地”针对的主要是野,具体方案是八家共同占有一井土地,一井为九百亩,每家各占一百亩为私田,另有一百亩为公田,八家共同耕种公田,提供劳役地租,私田的收成归农夫所有,公田的收成则归君子、士人所有,以实现孟子“无君子,莫治野人;无野人,莫养君子”的理想。孟子提出“井地”的背景是战国授田制,但由于坚守“恒产”“取于民有制”“谨庠序之教”的仁政原则,其制度设计与战国诸侯的土地制度有很大的不同。澄清“井地”非三代井田制,而是为滕国设计的土地制度,可以对孟子的仁政理想有新的认识和理解。The"Jingdi"said in Mencius is not the"system of ancient Jingtian"as Zhao Qi and Zhu Xi understood,but was a field system designed for the Teng State."Jingdi"is verb-object word group,the“Jing”is a verb,refers to divide the field,forming a square or rectangular area,the“di”(ground)refers to the land."Jingdi"means the same as"Jingyanwo(rich soil)"and"Jing and cultivate the land",which refers to divide land’s boundaries;"Jingdi"can also be a noun,refers to the land after dividing the field boundary.From"please on the land in the wild,implement the labor land rent in a proportion of one-ninth",we know that Mencius'"Jingdi"is mainly for the land in the wild.The specific plan is that eight families jointly occupy a Jing of land,1 jing of land is equal to 900 mu,each family occupies 100 mu for private fields,and another 100 mu for public fields.The eight families jointly cultivated the public land and provided labor land rent,the harvest of the private field belongs to the farmers,and the harvest of the public field belongs to the gentlemen and the scholars,in order to realize Mencius"no gentlemen,do not rule savages;no savages,do not raise gentlemen"ideal.Mencius put forward the Jingdi under the background of the grant land system in the Warring States Periods,however,due to the benevolent government principle of"having fixed property","there should be restrictions on taxation on farmers"and"attaching importance to school education",the system design is very different from the land system of the Warring States princes.To clarify that the"Jingdi"is not the three-dynasties’Jingtian,but the field system designed for the Teng State,which can have a new understanding of Mencius'ideal of benevolent government.

关 键 词：孟子 井地 授田制 仁政 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]