是规范失效还是道德危机——致思规范问题的三种范式及其实践逻辑  

Three Thinking Approaches to Normative Problems:A Failure of Norms or a Moral Crisis?

作　　者：晏辉 YAN Hui

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学中华伦理文明研究中心,长沙410081

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2024年第6期73-93,232,233,共23页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD038)。

摘　　要：规范作为连接客体性资源和主体性欲求这两个殊相的中项,乃是人向自己的观念和行动提出的有效性要求。除去那些接续传统而来的风俗、习惯、惯例、禁忌、规约之外,凡是向社会核心资源和权威资源的生产与分配倾斜的规范,其制定、修正和运用,多数来自拥有支配性力量的个人、阶层和集团。在此,我们无意对规范进行类型学研究,如法律规范与道德规范以及风俗习惯、宗教仪轨在原始发生及其约束性质上的区别,而是直面规范之有效性问题自身。一个规范体系是否能够最大限度地实现人类价值,往往取决于制定规范的个人与集体是否拥有理智德性和道德德性;惟其任何一种规范都内含着正确性和正当性问题,规范问题就成为了伦理学的核心议题。人们固然用经验的自然观点看待规范现象,但只有理论的和思想的自然态度才能见出规范之发生和演变的事实根据,给出何种规范才是正确的、正当的价值依据。尤其是朝向规范之有效性问题自身的思想的自然态度,不但有强烈的理论旨趣,而且有超乎寻常的实践意愿,即:一个有效的、无效的、失效的规范体系是如何发生的。现代生产逻辑推动的世界化或全球化进程,使规范约束下的世界之序和心灵之序处在变动不居的状态,陷入不断建构、解构、重构的循环之中。如何在理论和思想的自然观点的综合运用中,给出规范演化的一般哲学原理,并以此分析和论证导致规范失效和道德危机的根源,进而给出重构最大限度实现人类价值之规范系统的人性基础和社会根源,构成了沉思规范危机的理论兴趣和实践旨趣。合理的规范是文明的标识,先进的观念是文明的根基。As the mediator that connects the two distinct aspects of objective resources and subjective desires,norms are the valid requirements of their ideas and actions that human beings put forward;except customs,habits,conventions,taboos,and regulations according to the tradition,the formulation,amendment and application of the norms that direct the production and distribution of the central or authoritative resources of a society are derived from the individuals,class and group with dominant power.Whether a normative system can maximize the realization of human values,in the sense of the beginning point,depends on whether the individuals and groups that formulate the norms have intellectual virtues as well as moral virtues;only when norms contain the question of rightness and legitimacy,can the question of normativity become the core issue of ethics.It is true that people look at and treat normative phenomena from the experiential natural viewpoint,but only with the natural attitude towards theory and thoughts can one perceive the factual basis of the occurrence and evolution of norms,and give the value basis for determining what kind of norms are right and legitimate.The process of cosmopolitanization or globalization driven by the logic of modern production has shaped the order of the world and the order of the mind that are restricted by norms in a state of constant change,falling into a cycle of continuous construction,deconstruction,and reconstruction.The theoretical interest and practical purpose of contemplating the crisis of norms include such issues as how to give a general philosophical principle of the evolution of norms in the comprehensive application of the natural viewpoint of theory and thought,analyze and prove the causes of failure of norms and moral crisis,and then give a system of norms to reconstruct the maximum realization of human values.Reasonable norms are the indicators of civilization,and advanced concepts are the foundation of civilization.

关 键 词：规范 秩序 正义 德性 现代性 文明 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B82-0