从“美的艺术”到“艺术哲学”:德国古典美学的思想变奏  

The Variation of Thoughts in German Classical Aesthetics:From"Fine Art"to"Philosophy of Art"

作　　者：卢春红[1,2] LU Chun-hong

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学哲学院 [2]中国社会科学院哲学研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2024年第6期104-116,233,共14页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(21BZX025)。

摘　　要：18世纪末至19世纪初,德国古典美学的思想发展显示出由美的艺术到艺术哲学的交错与转换。承接费希特由自我设置非我并统括非我的逻辑建构,谢林首先经由艺术作品的切入路径呈现出明确的客观性诉求。凭借“理智直观”这一特殊方式,谢林以理性来规定艺术,不仅揭示了同一哲学的本色,而且显示出绝对者的“潜能阶次”。与此相对照,黑格尔则将客观性诉求落实为现实性建构。通过艺术家的路径切入艺术存在,黑格尔既阐明了对立之中的“否定性”因素,剥离出艺术存在中的现实内涵,也经由统一中的扬弃环节,展示出美的理念的历史性向度。从哲学角度反思,艺术与哲学的关联根本上改变的是艺术的存在方式,理性与自由的高扬同时意味着艺术的解体与终结;由美学角度审视,从“美的”艺术到艺术“哲学”的转换呈现的其实是德国古典美学的思想变奏,而“美的艺术”正是在这一对照中彰显自身的现代性之路。At the turn of the 19th century,the development of German classical aesthetics showed a transition from the fine art to the philosophy of art.Following Fichte's logical construction of selfsetting non-self and containing nonself,Schelling first demonstrated a clear demand for objectivity through the path of works of art.With the special method of"intellectual intuition",Schelling defined art with reason,which not only revealed the nature of identity philosophy,but also presented the"potenz"of the absolute.In contrast,Hegel turned the objective appeal into the construction of reality.Through the path of an artist entering the realm of art,Hegel not only elucidated the"negative"factor in opposition,stripped out the realistic connotation in the existence of art,but also demonstrated the historical dimension of the aesthetic ideas through the sublation in the unity.From a philosophical perspective,the connection between art and philosophy fundamentally changes the way art exists.The transformation of art into philosophy not only promotes rationality and freedom,but also signifies the disintegration and end of art;from an aesthetic perspective,the transformation from"fine"art to artistic"philosophy"presents a variation of German classical aesthetics,and"fine art"highlights its ownmodernityinthiscomparison.

关 键 词：美的艺术 艺术哲学 德国古典美学 理智直观 否定性 

分 类 号：J01[艺术—艺术理论] J0-02