分类与分层:公司高管法律身份的体系性定位  

Classification and Stratification:Systematic Definition of the Legal Identity of Company Executives

作　　者：范围[1] Fan Wei

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院

出　　处：《当代法学》2024年第6期94-105,共12页Contemporary Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“健全退役军人工作体系和保障制度研究”(20AZD077)研究成果。

摘　　要：公司高管人员的法律身份界定较为复杂,学理上欠缺体系性探讨,由此导致劳动法与公司法外部体系的冲突以及劳动法内部体系的冲突。在理论上,委托与劳动都属于劳动给付法律关系,虽都有从属性,但程度强弱有别,前者为自主劳动,后者为从属劳动,且二者存在一般和特殊的体系关系。根据从属性标准定性分类,高管之经理代表公司利益、享有更高的自主性,属于受托人;经理之外的其他高管人员的职权受限、从属性程度更高,属于劳动者。根据收入标准定量分层,收入超过职工平均工资一定倍数的高管属于强势劳动者,应豁免劳动法的适用。在法律适用中,应根据高管的不同身份、不同来源、不同情形区别适用。在立法上,劳动法应根据岗位职责、岗位名称、收入水平相结合的标准,明确最长工时、加班工资、最低工资、劳动合同变更和解雇保护以及集体合同制度的豁免;公司法应该完善高管辞职和解聘、离职补偿以及职务行为的损害赔偿规则。There are differences opinions of the legal identity definition of company executives,and there is a lack of systematic exploration in theory.The legislation and judiciary are not clear,and there is controversy in academia.Corporate law scholars believe that they are the trustees of the entrusted relationship,while labor law scholars have three different views:employer theory,employee theory,and dual identity theory of employer and employee.Among them,the dual identity theory of employer and employee is the general theory,which has a deep historical foundation in China.However,the dual identity theory confuses workers as macro class identities with workers in micro specific labor relations,resulting in conflicts between the external and internal systems of labor law and company law.For external conflicts between labor law and company law,there is confusion between autonomous labor and subordinate labor,and there is a difference between legalism and liberalism in contract formation,modification,and termination.For internal conflicts within labor law,including strong workers,it may lead to institutional arbitrage,thereby causing differences in judicial rulings.In theory,both entrustment and employment belong to the legal relationship of labor payment,but their payment contents are different.Entrustment is based on work as a means,while labor is based on the purpose of work itself.There is a difference in the strength of their personal attributes,with the entrusted one having a weaker subordinate attribute and engaging in autonomous labor.The subordinate attribute of employment is stronger,it is subordinate labor,and there is a general and special system relationship between them.According to the qualitative classification based on subordination criteria,managers represent the interests of the company,have planning and decision-making power,organizational command power,and agency power,and belong to trustees.Other senior executives outside of the manager have limited authority and a higher degree of subordination,an

关 键 词：高管人员 受托人 劳动者 定性分类 定量分层 

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