《周礼》之“灋”与《大司寇》德刑思想发微  

Research on“Fa(灋)”in Zhouli and Rule of Morality Philosophy in Dasikou

作　　者：彭林[1,2] PENG Lin(School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;MA Yifu Academy,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310030,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院,北京100084 [2]浙江大学马一浮书院,浙江杭州310030

出　　处：《湖南大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第6期8-17,共10页Journal of Hunan University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：《周礼》中的“灋”字,经学家指为“法”字的古文,《说文》以“刑法”解之,有学者据此将《周礼》定性为法家著作。今验诸《周礼》“灋”字,几与刑法无关,而是典礼、文制、官法、规定、法式、数量、技术规范等的总称,具有“软法”的性质,表明《周礼》的行政管理已臻于标准化、网络化的层面。《周礼》司法系统与审鞫程序等完整载于《秋官》。《大司寇》六条官法,以体现德教之法的“五刑”为首,以圜土、嘉石等温和方式教化罢民,以肺石关照弱势群体等继之,而将“正五刑”退置《小司寇》《司刑》,此一顺序旨在彰显教化为本、预防犯罪为先的儒家“德刑”思想,希冀实现周初成康之治“刑措四十余年不用”的治平境界。The character“fa(灋)”in Zhouli has been historically interpreted by classicists as the ancient form of the character“fa(法)”.Shuowen Jiezi explains it as a term related to criminal law.Some scholars have used this interpretation to categorize Zhouli as a legalist work.However,upon closer examination of the use of“fa(灋)”in Zhouli,it becomes evident that it has little to do with criminal law and is instead a comprehensive term that encompasses ceremonies,cultural systems,official laws,regulations,legal forms,quantities,and technical specifications,possessing the nature of“soft law”.This indicates that its administrative management had reached a level of standardization and networking.The judicial system and trial procedures of Zhouli are fully recorded in Qiuguan.In Dasikou,the six official laws are led by the“five punishments”that embody the law of moral education,followed by mild methods of educating the people such as“Huan tu”and“Jia shi”,and then by the attention to vulnerable groups such as“Fei shi”,while the“correction of the five punishments”is relegated to Xiaosikou and Sixing.That order is intended to highlight the Confucian“rule of morality”philosophy that prioritizes education and the prevention of crimes,with the hope of achieving the peaceful realm of the early Zhou Dynasty when“punishments were not used for more than forty years”.

关 键 词：灋 德刑 《大司寇》 五刑 软法 

分 类 号：K224.06[历史地理—历史学] D929[历史地理—中国史]