数字时代劳动者休息权的宪法保障难题  

Constitutional Problem in Protection of Rights to Rest of Laborers in the Digital Age

作　　者：李俊 Li Jun

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第12期64-78,共15页Law Science

基　　金：“国家资助博士后研究人员计划”(GZC20233369)资助。

摘　　要：休息权是我国宪法规定的一项基本权利,数字时代的劳动者休息权保障困境需要从宪法视角因应之。我国的休息权保障实践目前面临着保护对象之“劳动者”范围规定不一致,保护内容上“休息时间”与“工作时间”界限模糊化,劳动者被动“自愿”放弃休息时间致休息权实质损害等困境。从宪法休息权条款的规范原意及其变迁中可以析出休息权享有主体是具有相应劳动能力,以体力劳动或者脑力劳动从雇主或用人单位处获取法定或约定报酬的从业人员;基于休息权的国家促进义务和不足禁止原则,可以通过绝对的劳动者身体需求界限和相对的精神满足、社会需要来明确最低休息时间,具体要求为完善工时制度和引入离线休息权等制度;基于休息权的国家保护义务,应从立法、行政和司法三个层面应对由“他者决定”所造成的劳动者休息权的实质侵害。The right to rest is a fundamental right stipulated in China's Constitution, and the dilemma of protecting workers' right to rest in the digital age needs to be addressed from a constitutional perspective. China's practice of protecting the right to rest is currently faced with inconsistent provisions on the scope of the “workers” to be protected, blurring of the boundaries between the “rest time” and “working time” to be protected, and substantive damage to the right to rest caused by the passive “voluntary” abandonment of rest time by workers. Workers passively and voluntarily give up their rest time, causing substantial damage to the right to rest. From the normative intent of the provisions on the right to rest in the Constitution and its changes, it is possible to analyse the scope of the subjects enjoying the right to rest, pointing to those who have the corresponding labour capacity and who receive legal or contractual remuneration from their employers or employing units for their physical or mental labour;on the basis of the State's obligation to promote the right to rest and the principle of insufficient prohibition, it is possible to specify minimum rest time through the boundaries between absolute physical needs of the labourers and their relative spiritual and social needs, with specific requirements for the minimum rest time, and the specific requirements for the minimum rest time. The minimum rest period should be defined by means of an absolute limit on the physical needs of workers and a relative limit on their mental and social needs, with specific requirements such as improving the working hours system and introducing the right to offline rest;and based on the State's obligation to protect the right to rest, the substantive infringement of the right to rest of workers caused by the “decision of the other” should be dealt with at the three levels of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

关 键 词：数字时代 劳动者 休息权 促进义务 保护义务 不足禁止 

分 类 号：D922.5[政治法律—民商法学] D921[政治法律—法学]