从英雄观到“英勇味”:格萨尔史诗传统的民族志诗学阐释  

From Heroic View to"Valour":An Ethno-Poetic Interpretation of the Gesar Epic Tradition

作　　者：央吉卓玛[1] YANGJI Zhuoma

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族文学研究所口头传统研究中心,北京100732

出　　处：《西北民族研究》2024年第6期103-123,共21页Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国少数民族口头传统专题数据库建设:口头传统元数据标准建设”(编号:16ZDA160),国家社会科学基金青年项目“格萨尔史诗叙事传统关键词研究”(编号:21CZW057);中国社会科学院登峰战略资助计划优势学科中国史诗学的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：格萨尔史诗以其宏阔的战争场面、鲜活的人物形象和跌宕起伏的故事情节,成为中华文化中一颗耀眼的明珠。作为英雄史诗的典范之作,格萨尔史诗塑造了以主人公为代表的众多英雄形象,全面而立体地展现了人们的英雄观及其背后的英雄叙事传统。文章认为:伴随梵语诗学思想乃至“十明”文化思想在青藏高原地区的译介和传播,格萨尔史诗英雄观的内涵发生深刻变化;从崇尚力量和勇气的英雄观到勇士/王者/尊者三位一体的英雄观的嬗变历程,恰恰蕴含着诗学观念中对“英勇味”的阐释理念。基于上述背景知识,文章在探究“格萨尔其人其事”这一长期困扰学界的话题时,拥有了来自民间传统和地方知识的观念支撑。从史诗主人公格萨尔的姓名或称号入手解读其人物形象的学术传统不可谓不久远,作者的研究因循此径。但是,为了避免相关讨论陷入因“格萨尔”词源未定而带来的研究困境,文章将主人公的个人名——“觉如”(jo ru)作为考察对象,立足民族志诗学立场,对其进行词义和语用层面的解析,阐明“觉如”兼具勇士/王者/尊者三种特质的人物形象,以及人物特质与故事范型的交互指涉关系。Gesar epic the tradition,with its vast war scenes,vivid characters,and dramatic plot twists,stands as a dazzling gem in Chinese culture.As a representative of heroic epics,the Gesar epic shapes numerous heroic figures,with its protagonist at the center,providing a comprehensive and multidimensional portrayal of the Tibetan"heroic ideal"and the narrative traditions behind it.We propose that,alongside the introduction and dissemination of Sanskrit poetics(and even the"Ten Branches of Learning"culture)in Tibet,and its emergence as a subject of study and practice,the Tibetan concept of the"heroic ideal"underwent significant changes.It transformed from a focus on"strength"and"courage"to a triadic view of the hero as a"warrior,king,and sage".This evolution inherently reflects the Tibetan poetic notion of"Heroic Rasa".Based on this background knowledge,as we explore the long-standing scholarly issue of"Gesar:the man and his deeds",we are supported by concepts from folk traditions and local knowledge.The academic tradition of interpreting a character's image through their name or title has a long history,and our research follows this approach.However,to avoid the difficulties that arise from the unresolved etymology of the protagonist's title"Gesar",we instead focus on the protagonist's personal name:Jo Ru as the subject of inquiry.From the perspective of ethnography,we analyze it at both the semantic and pragmatic levels,revealing how"Jo Ru"embodies the threefold characteristics of a warrior,king,and sage,and how these traits cross-reference with the story-pattern.

关 键 词：英雄观 “英雄味” 格萨尔史诗 勇士/王者/尊者 民族志诗学 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理]