卢梭自然自由概念的统一性——基于道德心理学视角的分析  

The Unity of Rousseau's Concept of Natural Freedom:Analysis Based on Moral Psychology

作　　者：李晨光 Li Chenguang

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系·宗教学系

出　　处：《哲学门》2024年第2期50-65,共16页Beida Journal of Philosophy

摘　　要：自由是卢梭思想中至关重要的内容,然而传统对卢梭的批评与辩护都忽视了《论人与人之间不平等的起因和基础》当中卢梭提出的自由的基石——自然自由。自20世纪起,《论人与人之间不平等的起因和基础》日益受到重视,但学界对自然自由的讨论仍不够充分,施特劳斯将自然人所处的状态视作“以盲目的欲望的支配从而是道德意义上的奴役为特征的状态”,从根本上动摇了自然自由;登特试图发掘卢梭著作中人的道德心理学机制,但在自然自由问题上,登特并未充分发现卢梭对人性的独特理解,而是简单将自然自由界定为“无须受到其他人的许可或控制”的自由,忽视了卢梭的创见;最终,在主流理解中,卢梭的自然自由成为“欲望”与“力量”的二元对立,这一解释既无法展现卢梭在道德心理学上的独特创见,也无法解决施特劳斯对自然自由的根本瓦解。本文将借助对《爱弥儿》的文本分析,重新界定自然自由蕴藏的卢梭道德心理学的创见,突破以往对自然自由的简单的二元解释,寻找到卢梭对于自然自由理解的独特道德心理机制,并在此基础上澄清《论人与人之间不平等的起因和基础》中卢梭的自然自由意味着真正的自由,而非欲望的奴役状态。Freedom is a crucial element in Rousseau's thought,yet traditional criticisms and defenses of Rousseau have ignored the cornerstone of freedom that Rousseau puts forward in the Discourse on Inequality:natural freedom.While Discourse on Inequality has received increasing attention since the last century,the discussion of natural freedom in the academy is still insufficient.Strauss's view of the state of the natural man as“characterized by the rule of blind appetite and hence by slavery in the moral sense of the term”fundamentally shakes natural freedom;Dent tries to discover the mechanism of human moral psychology in Rousseau's writings,but on the issue of natural freedom,Dent does not fully discover Rousseau's unique understanding of human nature,but simply defines natural freedom as freedom“without reference to or control by anyone else”,ignoring Rousseau's creativity;ultimately,in the mainstream understanding,Rousseau's natural freedom becomes a dichotomy between“desire”and“power”,an interpretation that fails to demonstrate Rousseau's unique insights in moral psychology,nor does it address Strauss's fundamental dismantling of natural freedom.With the help of the textual analysis of“Emile”,this paper will redefine Rousseau's moral psychology of natural freedom,break through the previous simple binary interpretation of natural freedom,and search for the unique moral psychological mechanism of Rousseau's understanding of natural freedom,and based on which,we will clarify that Rousseau's natural freedom in Discourse on Inequality means the real freedom,not the state of slavery of desires.

关 键 词：卢梭 爱弥儿 论不平等 自然自由 

分 类 号：B82-054[哲学宗教—伦理学] B565.26