孟子论政治权力的道德基础--基于正当性/证成性二分的理论视域  

Mencius on the Moral Foundation of Political Power:A Theoretical Perspective of the Dichotomy of Legitimacy and Justification

作　　者：姚勇 YAO Yong(School of Humanities,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)

机构地区：[1]中南大学人文学院,湖南长沙410083

出　　处：《兰州大学学报(社会科学版)》2024年第5期88-97,共10页Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：政治权力的道德基础是政治统治得以产生、存续的根本条件,处身秩序崩解、原则沦丧时代的孟子对之进行了系统的论述。在孟子所构建的政治角色等级、政治空间结构与政治权力等级相应的政治体系中,君主是政治主体,是政治权力真正的所属者与实际的行使者;民众则是政治治理的客体与对象。君主的政治权力是“天与”的,神圣的“天命”是政治权力正当性的理据;证成性的表征则是在政治权力行使中所达成的可欲的“仁政”与自愿的“民归”。在重建政治秩序的迫切要求下,孟子着重论述的是如何行“仁政”、使“民归”的证成性问题,这是诸侯“得天下”最有效的途径;对正当性问题有意或无意的轻忽,致使孟子对证成性的效用、限度缺乏应有的反思。The moral foundation of political power is essential for the emergence and survival of political rule.Mencius,living in an era marked by the disintegration of social order and the erosion of principles,systematically discoursed on this statement.In the political system constructed by Mencius,the hierarchy of political roles,the structure of political space,and the hierarchy of political power are correspondingly aligned.The monarch stands as the political subject,the real owner,and the actual executor of political power,while the people are the objects and targets of political governance.The political power of the monarch is“bestowed by Heaven”,and the sacred“mandate of Heaven”serves as the foundation for its legitimacy;its manifestation of justification lies in the desirable“benevolent governance”and the voluntary“people’s allegiance”,achieved through the exercise of political power.In response to the urgent request to rebuild political order,Mencius focused on the justification of how to implement“benevolent governance”and secure“people’s allegiance”,which he regarded as the most effective way for the feudal princes to unite the nation.However,Mencius’s intentional or unintentional neglect of legitimacy resulted in insufficient reflections on the utility and the limits of justification.

关 键 词：孟子 天命 仁政 民归 正当性 证成性 

分 类 号：B222.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]