宗法伦理起源新探  

A New Exploration into the Origins of Patriarchal Ethics

作　　者：徐嘉[1] Xu Jia

机构地区：[1]东南大学人文学院

出　　处：《江苏社会科学》2025年第1期40-51,I0002,I0003,共14页Jiangsu Social Sciences

基　　金：江苏省“道德发展高端智库”和“公民道德与社会风尚协同创新中心”承担的国家社会科学基金重点项目“礼乐伦理精神的历史建构”(23AZX005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：殷商时期的祖先崇拜是宗法伦理的源头。在伦理维度上,殷代祭祀先公、选祭与周祭先王的宗教性活动,强化了族长(商王)的权威,凝聚了宗族共同体。西周初期,祖先崇拜发展为作为理性制度设计的宗法制,并且宗法制与分封制相结合而形成了宗法分封制,亲亲、尊尊、长长、男女有别的伦理原则随之确立,孝、友成为核心伦理规范。春秋时期,孔子继承了孝友观念,构建了以孝悌为基础规范的儒家伦理。其后,儒家学派提出了五伦、三纲、六纪等观念,宗法伦理成为儒家伦理体系的重要内容。一方面,宗法伦理与君主专制政治相辅相成、相互支撑。另一方面,宗法伦理在儒家仁爱思想的强烈影响下,以血缘伦理为道德进阶的基础,超越了血缘之爱,不断追求“亲亲、仁民、爱物”“民胞物与”“天地一体之仁”的道德理想。这也是儒家伦理宝贵的现代价值。Ancestor worship during the Shang Dynasty marks the genesis of patriarchal ethics in China.Inthe ethical dimension,the Shang Dynasty's religious activities,including sacrifices to ancestors,the"selected sacrifices"and"periodic sacrifices"to past kings,strengthened the authority of the clan leader(the Shang king)and consolidated the clan community.In the early Western Zhou period,ancestor worship evolved into the patriarchal system,which,combined with the feudal system,established the patriarchal-feudal system.This system instituted ethical principles of familial affection,respect for hierarchy,seniority,and gender distinction,while establishing filial piety and brotherhood as core ethical norms.During the Spring and Autumn period,Confucius inherited these concepts of filial piety and brotherhood,constructing Confucian ethics founded on these fundamental norms.Subsequently,Confucian scholars developed concepts such as the Five Cardinal Relationships,Three Bonds,and Six Disciplines,incorporating patriarchal ethics as a crucial component of Confucian ethical system.On one hand,patriarchal ethics complemented and supported the monarchical autocracy.On the other hand,influenced by Confucian ideas of benevolence,patriarchal ethics transcended mere blood relations as the foundation of moral advancement,continuously pursuing the moral ideals of"filial piety,benevolence towards the people,love for all things",and"benevolence of all beings,unity of Heaven and Earth".This reflects the valuable modern significance of Confucian ethics.

关 键 词：宗法伦理 祖先崇拜 孝友 宗法分封制 仁爱 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]