朱熹与冯友兰“忠恕观”之比较研究  

A Comparative Study of Zhu Xi′s and Feng Youlan′s Views on"Loyalty and Forgiveness"

作　　者：陈清春[1] 刘珂华 CHEN Qingchun;LIU Kehua(School of Philosophy,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学哲学学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《山西高等学校社会科学学报》2025年第1期70-75,共6页Social Sciences Journal of Universities in Shanxi

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“居仁由义:儒家心学伦理的现象学研究”(19FZXB027)。

摘　　要：“忠恕之道”在儒学发展中占有重要的地位,是儒家处理人际关系的基本准则。在内涵层面,朱熹将“忠恕”解释为“尽己之谓忠,推己之谓恕”;在体用论层面,朱熹认为“忠恕”应是忠体恕用、以忠贯恕的关系;在功夫论层面,朱熹认为要达到“尽己”之“尽”和“推己”之“推”,应做“明明德”“絜矩之道”之功夫。不同于朱熹的观点,在内涵层面,冯友兰则将“忠”“恕”皆释为“推己及人”;在体用论层面,冯友兰认为“忠恕”是“仁”的一体两面,即积极方面和消极方面;在功夫论层面,冯友兰认为“忠恕”是实行道德和待人接物的方法。通过比较朱熹和冯友兰的“忠恕观”在概念内涵、内在关系和道德实践方面的异同,可略明“忠恕观”的历史变化和现代价值,使圣贤之道成为适用当今社会的伦理道德。The principle of"loyalty and forgiveness"holds a significant position in the development of Confucianism and serves as the fundamental criterion for Confucianism to handle interpersonal relationships.In terms of connotation,Zhu Xi interpreted"loyalty and forgiveness"as"fulfilling one′s duty is loyalty,and extending oneself to others is forgiveness".From the perspective of the theory of physical application,Zhu Xi believed that"loyalty and forgiveness"should be in a re-lationship where loyalty is the essence and forgiveness is the application,with loyalty permeating forgiveness.In terms of the theory of practice,Zhu Xi held that to achieve the"fulfillment"of"loyalty"and the"extension"of"forgiveness",one should engage in the practice of"manifesting one′s virtue"and"the principle of reciprocity".Contrary to Zhu Xi′s view-point,in terms of connotation,Feng Youlan interpreted both"loyalty"and"forgiveness"as"extending oneself to others".From the perspective of the theory of physical application,Feng Youlan believed that"loyalty and forgiveness"are two as-pects of"benevolence",namely the positive and negative aspects.In terms of the theory of practice,Feng Youlan regarded"loyalty and forgiveness"as methods for practicing morality and interacting with others.By comparing the similarities and differences in Zhu Xi′s and Feng Youlan′s views on"loyalty and forgiveness"in terms of concept connotation,internal re-lationship,and moral practice,one can gain a general understanding of the historical changes and modern value of the"loyalty and forgiveness"concept,making the teachings of the sages applicable to the ethical and moral standards of today′s society.

关 键 词：忠恕 朱熹 冯友兰 理一分殊 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B26